The invention relates to a generator and its operation and use for generating toroidal and spatial vortices in a liquid. It comprises a rotationally symmetrical stator housing with an inlet opening and an eccentric outlet opening. It further comprises a rotor rotatably arranged in the stator housing with radially outwardly extending channels in constant fluid connection to the inlet opening. The rotor comprises a rotor disc, radially outside of the rotor with a side surface with inner notches in fluid connection to the rotor channels. The stator housing comprises a stator disc comprising a side surface with stator notches. When these notches face each other due to rotation of the rotor disc, a periodical liquid flow from the inner notches to the stator notches is formed and toroidal vortices are generated in the portioned liquid by shear stress as the portions of liquid move back and forth in the notches.

For the shipping industry, these fuels provide solutions to long outstanding technical problems that heretofore hindered supply of low sulfur marine fuels in quantities needed to meet worldwide sulfur reduction goals. Marine shipping use of high sulfur bunker oils is reported as largest source of world-wide transportation SOx emissions. When ships on the open seas burn cheap low grade heavy bunker oils high in sulfur, nitrogen and metals, the SOx, NOx, and metal oxides go to the environment. This invention converts essentially all of each barrel of crude feed to a single ultraclean fuel versus conventional refining where crude feed is cut into many pieces, and each piece is sent down a separate market path meeting various different product specifications. When in port, ships can use these fuels to generate and sell electricity to land based electrical grids to offset fuel cost in an environment-friendly manner.

Petrochemical products may be produced from a hydrocarbon material by a process that may include separating the hydrocarbon material into at least a lesser boiling point fraction and a greater boiling point fraction, cracking the lesser boiling point fraction in a first reactor in the presence of a catalyst at a reaction temperature of from 500° C. to 700° C. to produce a first cracking reaction product, and cracking the greater boiling point fraction in a second reactor in the presence of the catalyst at a reaction temperature of from 500° C. to 700° C. to produce a second cracking reaction product. The hydrocarbon material may be crude oil. The first reactor may be a riser, and the second reactor may be a downer. The catalyst may be passed from the first reactor to the second reactor, from the second reactor to a regenerator, and from the regenerator to the first reactor, such that the catalyst is circulated between the first reactor, second reactor, and regenerator. An amount of coke may be reduced on the catalyst in the regenerator.

A method of evaporating a fluid is provided. The method comprises forming a flow with toroidal vortices in the fluid, such that the fluid is exposed to alternating flow velocities and alternating pressures, thereby increasing evaporation of the fluid. A method of precipitating salt out of an aqueous solution is also provided. The method comprises forming a flow with toroidal vortices in the aqueous solution, such that the aqueous solution is exposed to alternating flow velocities and alternating pressures, thereby initiating precipitation of salts from the solution.

A process is disclosed for increasing gasoline and middle distillate selectivity in catalytic cracking. A process can include co-processing at least pyrolysis liquid and a distillation residue from tall oil distillation in a catalytic cracking process in a presence of a solid catalyst to provide a cracking product.

A multi-stage process for transforming a high sulfur ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a core desulfurizing process that produces a Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil that can be used as a feedstock for subsequent refinery process such as anode grade coking, needle coking and fluid catalytic cracking. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil exhibits multiple properties desirable as a feedstock for those processes including a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass. A process plant for conducting the process is also disclosed.

A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217: 2017 Table 2 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil and resulting product, the process involving: mixing a Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil with a Activating Gas to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil from the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil complies with ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 for residual marine fuel and the Environmental Contaminants, which are selected from the group consisting of: a sulfur; vanadium, nickel, iron, aluminum and silicon and combinations thereof, are less than 0.5 wt. %. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil can be used as blending stock for an ISO 8217:2017 Table 2 compliant, IMO 2020 compliant, low sulfur heavy marine fuel composition.

The invention relates to a process for producing C2 and C3 hydrocarbons, comprising a) subjecting a mixed hydrocarbon stream to first hydrocracking in the presence of a first hydrocracking catalyst to produce a first hydrocracking product stream; and b) subjecting the first hydrocarbon product stream to C4 hydrocracking optimized for converting C4 hydrocarbons into C3 hydrocarbons in the presence of a C4 hydrocracking catalyst to obtain a C4 hydrocracking product stream comprising C2 and C3 hydrocarbons.

A process for the production of ultralow aromatic specialty distillate from different refinery streams particularly high sulfur streams. The process produces de-aromatized distillates with benzene content below 1 ppmw. Hydrocarbon feedstock having boiling temperature in the range of 90 and 350° C., preferably 140 and 320° C. The hydrocarbon feedstocks are obtained from any petroleum-refinery or bio-refinery or any other source producing hydrocarbon streams.

Method for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons includes a cracking and reforming reaction step of obtaining products containing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons having 6 to 8 carbon atoms and a heavy fraction having 9 or more carbon atoms by bringing the feedstock oil into contact with a catalyst for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing crystalline aluminosilicate to cause a reaction, a catalyst separation step of separating and removing the catalyst for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons together with tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in the products from a mixture of the products and a small amount of the catalyst for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons carried by the products, both of which are derived in the cracking and reforming reaction step, and a purification and recovery step of purifying and recovering the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons having 6 to 8 carbon atoms which are separated from the products formed in the cracking and reforming reaction step.