A catalyst for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of 6 to 8 carbon number from a feedstock oil having a 10 volume % distillation temperature of at least 140° C. and an end point temperature of not more than 400° C., or a feedstock oil having a 10 volume % distillation temperature of at least 140° C. and a 90 volume % distillation temperature of not more than 360° C., wherein the catalyst contains a crystalline aluminosilicate, gallium and/or zinc, and phosphorus, and the amount of phosphorus supported on the crystalline aluminosilicate is within a range from 0.1 to 1.9% by mass based on the mass of the crystalline aluminosilicate; and a method for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the method involving bringing a feedstock oil having a 10 volume % distillation temperature of at least 140° C. and an end point temperature of not more than 400° C., or a feedstock oil having a 10 volume % distillation temperature of at least 140° C. and a 90 volume % distillation temperature of not more than 360° C., into contact with the above-mentioned catalyst for producing monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

The invention relates to a hydrocarbon blend for input to a refinery and comprising a first blend component containing a renewable hydrocarbon component and a second blend component containing petroleum derived hydrocarbon to form at least part of a final hydrocarbon blend for processing in a refinery where the first blend component is characterized by comprising a hydrocarbon substance with at least 70% by weight having a boiling point above 220° C. and by having the characteristics (δ.sub.d1, δ.sub.ρ1, δ.sub.h1)=(17-20, 6-12, 6-12) and; where the second blend component is characterised by having the characteristics (δ.sub.{acute over (α)}2, δ.sub.ρ2, δ.sub.h2)=(17-20, 3-5, 4-7), where the first blend component is present in the final hydrocarbon blend in a relative amount of up to 80 wt %.

A method of catalytically cracking liquid hydrocarbons is disclosed. The method includes the use of one or more radial flow moving bed reactors. The method may include mixing a liquid hydrocarbon stream comprising primarily C5 and C6 hydrocarbons with water or a dry gas to form a feed mixture and flowing the feed mixture into the one or more radial flow moving bed reactors in a manner so that the feed mixture flows radially inward or radially outward through the moving catalyst bed and thereby contacts the catalyst particles under reaction conditions to produce a hydrocarbon stream comprising light olefins (C2 to C4 olefins).

A process for hydrotreating a sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock may include producing a hydrotreated effluent by hydrotreating the feedstock in a three-phase trickle reactor to remove a first portion of the sulfur from the feedstock, separating the first hydrotreated effluent to give a hydrogen-containing gaseous fraction and a separated hydrotreated effluent, stripping the separated hydrotreated effluent to give a hydrogen sulfide-containing gaseous fraction and a stripped hydrotreated effluent, saturating the stripped hydrotreated effluent with hydrogen, and hydrotreating the hydrogen-saturated effluent in a two-phase reactor to remove a remaining second portion of the sulfur and produce a second hydrotreated effluent.

A multi-stage process for reducing the environmental contaminants in an ISO8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil involving a core desulfurizing process and a ultrasound treatment process as either a pre-treating step or post-treating step to the core process. The Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil complies with ISO 8217 for residual marine fuel oils and has a sulfur level has a maximum sulfur content (ISO 14596 or ISO 8754) between the range of 0.05 mass % to 1.0 mass. A process plant for conducting the process is also disclosed.

Processes herein may be used to thermally crack various hydrocarbon feeds, and may eliminate the refinery altogether while making the crude to chemicals process very flexible in terms of crude. In embodiments herein, crude is progressively separated into at least light and heavy fractions. Depending on the quality of the light and heavy fractions, these are routed to one of three upgrading operations, including a fixed bed hydroconversion unit, a fluidized catalytic conversion unit, or a residue hydrocracking unit that may utilize an ebullated bed reactor. Products from the upgrading operations may be used as feed to a steam cracker.

Methods for operating a system having two downflow high-severity FCC units for producing products from a hydrocarbon feed includes introducing the hydrocarbon feed to a feed separator and separating it into a lesser boiling point fraction and a greater boiling point fraction. The greater boiling point fraction is passed to the first FCC unit and cracked in the presence of a first catalyst at 500° C. to 700° C. to produce a first cracking reaction product and a spent first catalyst. The lesser boiling point fraction is passed to the second FCC unit and cracked in the presence of a second catalyst at 500° C. to 700° C. to produce a second cracking reaction product and a spent second catalyst. At least a portion of the spent first catalyst or the spent second catalyst is passed back to the first FCC unit, the second FCC unit or both.

A process for reducing the environmental contaminants in a ISO 8217 compliant Feedstock Heavy Marine Fuel Oil (Feedstock), the process involving: mixing a quantity of the Feedstock with a quantity of Activating Gas mixture to give a feedstock mixture; contacting the feedstock mixture with one or more catalysts to form a Process Mixture from the feedstock mixture; separating the Product Heavy Marine Fuel Oil liquid (Product) components of the Process Mixture from the gaseous components and by-product hydrocarbons of the Process Mixture and, discharging the Product. The Product is compliant with ISO standards for residual marine fuel oils and has a maximum sulfur content between the range of 0.05% wt. to 0.50% wt. The Product can be used as or as a blending stock for compliant, low sulfur or ultralow sulfur heavy marine fuel oil. A device for conducting the process is also disclosed.

The present invention discloses an integrated process scheme for producing (i) high-octane gasoline blending stream (ii) high aromatic heavy naphtha stream which is a suitable feedstock for benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) production and (iii) high cetane ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) stream suitable for blending in refinery diesel pool.

Systems and methods for steam and catalytic cracking of a hydrocarbon inlet stream comprising hydrocarbons. Systems and methods can include a catalyst feed stream, where the catalyst feed stream comprises a fluid and a heterogeneous catalyst, the heterogeneous catalyst operable to catalyze cracking of the hydrocarbons on surfaces of the heterogeneous catalyst a steam feed stream, where the steam feed stream is operable to effect steam cracking of the hydrocarbons, and where the steam feed stream decreases coking of the heterogeneous catalyst; and a downflow reactor, where the downflow reactor is operable to accept and mix the hydrocarbon inlet stream, the catalyst feed stream, and the steam feed stream, where the downflow reactor is operable to produce light olefins by steam cracking and catalytic cracking, and where the downflow reactor is operable to allow the heterogeneous catalyst to flow downwardly by gravity.