An apparatus is provided that receives waste and generates electrical power or thermal energy with minimal NOx emissions. A gasifier is provided that receives the waste and air to produce fuel gas for delivery to a fluidly coupled reformer. The reformer receives the fuel gas, recycled flue gas, and air to auto-thermally produce a reformed fuel gas and destroy fuel gas pollutants at a first temperature without a catalyst. A burner is fluidly coupled to the reformer and receives recycled flue gas and air to oxidize the reformed fuel gas at a second temperature that prevents nitrogen oxide formation, the second temperature being lower than the first temperature. A quench chamber is fluidly coupled to the burner and receives flue gas from the burner for quenching with recycled flue gas. A heat recovery system is fluidly coupled to the reformer, burner, and quench chamber to extract usable energy.

An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a steam biomass reforming in a multiple stage bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass is discussed. The first stage has a reactor to cause a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, tars, chars, and other components into a raw syngas mixture. A second stage performs further reforming of the raw syngas from the first stage into the chemical grade syngas by further applying heat and pressure to chemically crack at least the tars, reform the CH4, or a combination of both, into their corresponding syngas molecules. The second stage feeds the chemical grade syngas derived from the biomass feedstock to the downstream Fischer-Tropsch train to produce the fuel from the biomass. One or more recycle loops supply tail gas or FT product back into the plant.

A carbonaceous substance dry powder gasification device and method, the device comprising from bottom to top a lower cooling and purification section (1), a gasification reaction section (2), a cooling reaction section (3) and an upper cooling and purification section (4); an initial cooling device is disposed at the connection between the cooling reaction section and the gasification reaction section; and a plurality of nozzles are circumferentially arranged in the gasification reaction section. The method comprises: a gasification reaction is conducted between a carbonaceous substance and an oxygenated gasifying agent to generate crude synthesis gas and ash; part of the crude synthesis gas and most of the ash go downstream for cooling and gasification, and the cooled and ash removed crude synthesis gas is transferred to subsequent processes, and the quenched ash is discharged through an ash outlet; the remaining crude synthesis gas and fly ash go upstream to mix with a cooling substance for cooling, and then are transferred to the cooling reaction section for reacting with the incompletely reacted carbon and added gasification agent; the crude synthesis gas and the fly ash are cooled and purified to remove the fly ash, and the clean low-temperature crude synthesis gas is transferred to subsequent processes. The method avoids ash blocking at an ash outlet in an upstream air-exhaust method, and also avoids overheating at the top in a downstream air-exhaust method, thus improving the carbon conversion rate.

A temperature measurement system for a gasifier may employ a first stage gasifier with a refractory wall that defines a first stage gasifier volume. A protruding refractory brick may protrude from the first stage refractory wall and into a gaseous flow path of the first stage gasifier volume. The temperature sensor may reside completely through the refractory wall, which may be a plurality of brick layers, except for a tip end of a temperature sensor that may reside in a blind or non-through hole within the protruding refractory brick. The protruding refractory brick protrudes beyond a normal wall surface of the plurality of brick layers that defines the first stage gasifier volume. The protruding refractory brick may have a face that forms an angle that is not 90 degrees, such as 45 degrees, relative to the gaseous flow path of the fluid stream through the first stage gasifier volume.

A method for producing synthesis gas for operating an internal combustion engine from an organic solid fuel decomposed into pyrolysis products in a pyrolysis reactor without an oxygen supply, includes feeding the pyrolysis products from a bottom of the pyrolysis reactor to a fluidized bed reactor. A synthesis gas produced in the fluidized bed reactor is withdrawn as product gas. The products gas is directly or indirectly fed to the internal combustion engine. The pyrolysis reactor is operated using at least one pyrolysis auger for conveying the solid fuel. The fluidized bed reactor is fluidized by supplying air at a rate above a minimal loosening rate of the bed material of the fluidized bed of the fluidized bed reactor.

The device for performing mechanical work and/or producing electrical or thermal energy, the energy necessary for operation is obtained from the oxidation of carbonaceous fuels into carbon dioxide and water. The device comprises means for compression and/or condensation of the exhaust gas, and storage means for receiving the compressed and/or condensed exhaust gas.

A cooling wall includes: a wall surface defined by arrangement of central axes of a plurality of cooling tubes; and an opening formed in a part of the wall surface in which a burner is installable, each of the plurality of cooling tubes forming the opening has a straight portion and a curved portion, the plurality of cooling tubes include a first cooling tube whose first virtual axis extending in an axial direction of the straight portion overlaps the opening, and a second cooling tube whose second virtual axis extending in an axial direction of the straight portion is located outside an outer circumference of the opening in a radial direction, the curved portion of the first cooling tube is arranged so as to form a curve along the outer circumference surface of the opening and on a surface along the wall surface.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

A carbonaceous fuel gasification system for a supercritical CO.sub.2 power cycle system includes a micronized char preparation system comprising a devolatilizer that receives solid carbonaceous fuel, hydrogen, oxygen, and fluidizing steam and produces micronized char, steam, hydrogen, and volatiles. An indirect gasifier includes a vessel comprising a gasification chamber that receives the micronized char, a conveying gas, and steam where the gasification chamber provides syngas, ash, and steam. A combustion chamber receives syngas and an oxidant and burns the mixture of syngas with the oxidant to provide heat for gasification and for heating incoming flows, thereby generating steam and CO.sub.2. The heat for gasification is transferred from the combustion chamber to the gasification chamber by circulating refractory sand. A syngas cooler cools the syngas and generates steam and provides to a supercritical CO.sub.2 power cycle system that performs a supercritical CO.sub.2 power cycle for generating power.

A system for producing high-quality gas includes a heat carrier hoist, a coke feeder, a heat carrier heating furnace, a gas mixer, a high-temperature induced draft fan, a heat carrier storage tank, a dryer, a hopper, a concentrating solar collection pyrolysis-gasification reactor having a double-tube structure, a three-phase separator and a coke collecting bin. The system may use an adjustable concentrating solar collection technology in combination with a heat carrier circulation heating process, so as to effectively solve heat requirements of the waste pyrolysis and gasification process, reduce the waste material consumption caused by energy supply, and improve the effective utilization of raw materials.