A process for the manufacture of a useful product from synthesis gas having a desired hydrogen to carbon monoxide molar ratio comprises gasifying a first carbonaceous feedstock comprising waste materials and/or biomass in a gasification zone to produce a first synthesis gas; optionally partially oxidising the first synthesis gas in a partial oxidation zone to generate oxidised synthesis gas; reforming a second carbonaceous feedstock to produce a second synthesis gas, the second synthesis gas having a different hydrogen to carbon ratio from that of the first raw synthesis gas; combining at least a portion of the first synthesis gas and at least a portion of the second synthesis gas in an amount to achieve the desired hydrogen to carbon molar ratio and to generate a combined synthesis gas and subjecting at least part of the combined synthesis gas to a conversion process effective to produce the useful product.

A process and apparatus for producing pure hydrogen from a syngas generated by the high temperature gasification of municipal, agricultural or industrial derived wastes. The process is able to make pure hydrogen to be further reacted with nitrogen to make ammonia and urea.

A gas purification device includes: a converter packed with a catalyst for hydrolyzing both carbonyl sulfide and hydrogen cyanide; an upstream heat exchanger for heat exchange between a gas to be introduced into the converter and a cooling fluid for cooling the gas; a reaction-temperature estimation member for estimating a reaction temperature inside the converter; and a flow-rate adjustment member for adjusting a flow rate of the cooling fluid flowing into the upstream heat exchanger based on an estimated value of the reaction-temperature estimation member to control the reaction temperature.

A continuous desulfurization process and process system are described for removal of reduced sulfur species at gas stream concentrations in a range of from about 5 to about 5000 ppmv, using fixed beds containing regenerable sorbents, and for regeneration of such regenerable sorbents. The desulfurization removes the reduced sulfur species of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and/or thiols and disulfides with four or less carbon atoms, to ppbv concentrations. In specific disclosed implementations, regenerable metal oxide-based sorbents are integrated along with a functional and effective process to control the regeneration reaction and process while maintaining a stable dynamic sulfur capacity. A membrane-based process and system is described for producing regeneration and purge gas for the desulfurization.

A process for the manufacture of one or more useful products comprises: gasifying a carbonaceous feedstock comprising waste materials and/or biomass in a gasification zone to generate a raw synthesis gas; supplying at least a portion of the raw synthesis gas to a clean-up zone to remove contaminants and provide a clean synthesis gas; supplying the clean synthesis gas to a first further reaction train to generate at least one first useful product and a tailgas; and diverting selectively on demand a portion of at least one of the carbonaceous feedstock, the clean synthesis gas, the tailgas and the light gas fraction to heat or power generation within the process, in response to external factors to control the carbon intensity of the overall process and enable GHG emission savings.

The present invention provides a process for producing liquid hydrocarbon products from a biomass, biomass containing and/or biomass-derived feedstock, said process comprising the steps of: a) contacting the feedstock with a first hydropyrolysis catalyst composition and molecular hydrogen in a first hydropyrolysis reactor vessel at a temperature in the range of from 350 to 600° C. and a pressure in the range of from 0.50 to 7.50 MPa, to produce a product stream comprising partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product, H.sub.2O, H.sub.2, CO.sub.2, CO, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gases, char and catalyst fines; b) removing said char and catalyst fines from said product stream; c) hydroconverting said partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product in a hydroconversion reactor vessel in the presence of one or more hydroconversion catalyst compositions and of the H.sub.2O, CO.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2, and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gas generated in step a), to produce a vapour phase product comprising substantially fully deoxygenated hydrocarbon product, H.sub.2O, CO, CO.sub.2, and C.sub.1-C.sub.3 gases, wherein one or more of the first hydropyrolysis catalyst composition and the hydroconversion catalyst composition is prepared by a process comprising combining a porous support with one or more catalytically active metals selected from Group VI and Group VIII of the Periodic Table, thereby forming a catalyst precursor having a volatile content, and reducing the volatile content of the catalyst precursor in one or more steps, wherein at least one volatile content reduction step is performed in the presence of one or more sulfur containing compounds; and wherein the catalyst precursor does not reach calcining temperatures prior to said at least one combined volatile content reduction-sulfurizing step.

A petroleum residue stream is heated and reacted with an oxygen stream and a carbon dioxide stream in a gasification unit to produce syngas. At least a portion of the carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide to produce shifted syngas. At least a portion of the shifted syngas is separated to produce a syngas feed stream. At least a portion of the syngas feed stream is converted into methanol. At least a portion of the methanol is converted into one or more alkenes (olefins). At least a portion of the methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide to produce acetic acid. Carbon dioxide produced in the process can be recycled to the gasification unit to facilitate the production of the syngas.

Fuel and fuel additives can be produced by processes that provide Fischer-Tropsch liquids having high biogenic carbon concentrations of up to about 100% biogenic carbon. The fuels and fuel additive have essentially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids which, in turn, contain the same concentration of biogenic carbon as the feedstock.

A gasifier system that combines the use of dirty fuels with clean fuels such as biomass. The heat created produces steam for the co-generation of mechanical power and electricity. The dirty fuels are converted in a gasifier or a pyrolyzer into various useful products that include syngas, heat, and oils. Syngas that is produced by the dirty fuels normally emits pollutants when combusted that require scrubbing. However, when the syngas is combusted into a biomass gasifier the dirty fuel emissions are scrubbed by being reformed into a much cleaner syngas/producer gas. Heat transferred from the dirty fuels gasifier/pyrolyzer syngas increases the efficiency of the clean fuels gasifier that results in increased amounts of steam for electricity/power production. In lieu of producing steam, the syngas from the clean fuel gasifier can be used to fuel an engine for power production. Other outputs from the clean-fuels gasifier include biochar and ash.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.