A process based on the combined use of yttrium and magnesium to inhibit vanadium corrosion of high temperature parts of thermal equipment. The combined use of yttrium and magnesium, applied in a variable yttrium/magnesium ratio, compared with conventional magnesium inhibition, may reduce emission of magnesium vanadate and minimize losses of performance due to fouling of the high temperature parts, including in the presence of alkali metals. Further, compared with inhibition based on yttrium alone, it may reduce the inhibition cost and reinforce the protection against combined vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate corrosion.

A fuel for use in internal combustion engines, wherein the fuel includes a mixture of at least one alcohol, water, urea and/or Ammonium Nitrate. The water is included in a quantity which renders the Ammonium Nitrate and/or urea dissolved in the at least one alcohol. The at least one alcohol is methanol included in a concentration having a range of 90-97 weight %. The Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 0.5-10 weight %; more optionally, the Ammonium Nitrate is included in a concentration having a range of 1-5 weight %. Further, the urea is included in a concentration having a range of 1-10 weight %.

A gas turbine process includes supplying a fuel to a gas turbine, combusting the fuel in the gas turbine with a hot gas path temperature reaching at least 1100 C. during operation of the gas turbine, and supplying an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing inorganic compound to interact with the vanadium and inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine caused by vanadium as a fuel impurity in the fuel. A process includes supplying an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing inorganic compound to a hot gas path or a combustor of a gas turbine. A fuel composition includes a fuel including at least one fuel impurity including vanadium and an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing compound. An atomic ratio of yttrium to vanadium in the fuel composition is in a range of 1 to 1.5.

A process based on the combined use of yttrium and magnesium to inhibit vanadium corrosion of high temperature parts of thermal equipment. The combined use of yttrium and magnesium, applied in a variable yttrium/magnesium ratio, compared with conventional magnesium inhibition, may reduce emission of magnesium vanadate and minimize losses of performance due to fouling of the high temperature parts, including in the presence of alkali metals. Further, compared with inhibition based on yttrium alone, it may reduce the inhibition cost and reinforce the protection against combined vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate corrosion.

The present invention relates to the additive for solid fuel combustion processes (coal, biomass) that both improves fuel efficiency, reduces fuel consumption, and has the ability to prevent sludge formation in combustion chamber and reduce pollutant emission, ensuring stable and highly efficient furnace operation even when using bad-quality fuel. The additive includes the activator component with high polarity; the active component capable of generating active sites; the auxiliary component capable of promoting the generation of active centers; the stabilizing component able to regulate the physicochemical properties and helping to create a stable additive according to the ratio of components (% mass) as follows: Activator component: 20-30 Active component: 50-60 Auxiliary component: 5-9 Stabilizing component: 1-5, and Solvent: suitable In addition, the invention also relates to the production process for this additive.

The present disclosure is directed to fuel compositions comprising a polar based continuous phase comprising a liquid ammonia with a concentration greater than about 81% by v/v of total polar phase; and a non-polar based discontinuous phase comprising one or more of a frozen hydrocarbon, a viscous liquid hydrocarbon, and a liquefied volatile hydrocarbon, wherein the fuel composition has a droplet size ranging from about 100 nm to about 250 m. Further, the disclosure provides for systems and methods for using the fuel compositions.

Described herein are compositions and methods for the chemical storage and release of hydrogen gas. The described compositions may be useful as fuel additives for hydrogen consuming applications, including aviation. The provided compositions are flexible and can be tailored to be lightweight, have high energy capacity, have various methods of activation and rapidly release the stored hydrogen.