Disclosed herein are paraffin suppressant compositions, and methods of making and using them. The compositions comprise a paraffin inhibitor, a hydrocarbon-soluble hydrotrope equivalent, and optionally one or more additional paraffin dispersants. When added to hydrocarbon media such as crude oils to form crude oil compositions, the suppressant compositions inhibit the precipitation of paraffin waxes in the crude oil compositions. The suppressant compositions, added to hydrocarbon media such as hydrocarbon solvents or crude oils, exhibit reduced precipitation, gelling, and/or crystallization of paraffin inhibitor from the hydrocarbon media, when the media are subjected to sustained temperatures between 4 C. and 60 C.

A quaternary ammonium salt of formula (I): wherein X is a linking group; Y is O, NH or NR.sup.1 wherein R.sup.1 is H or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; Q.sup.+ is a moiety that includes a quaternary ammonium cation; A.sup. is an anion; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkylene group; R.sup.3 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group; and n is 0 or a positive integer; provided that n is not 0 when R.sup.3 is hydrogen.

##STR00001##

Certain branched amines are useful as additives for gasoline fuels, especially for reducing injector nozzle fouling in direct injection spark ignition engines.

Mixtures of certain olefin-carboxylic acid copolymers (A) with at least one additive with detergent action, preferably at least one quaternary nitrogen compound (B), and optionally further fuel additives, are useful for improving the stability of additive packages for fuels, especially fuel oils and gasoline fuels.

Systems and methods are provided for improving product yields and/or product quality during co-processing of fast pyrolysis oil in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) reaction environment. The systems and methods can allow for co-processing of an increased amount of fast pyrolysis oil while reducing or minimizing coke production for a feedstock including fast pyrolysis oil and a conventional FCC feed. The reducing or minimizing of coke production can be achieved in part by adding a low molecular weight, non-ionic surfactant to the mixture of fast pyrolysis oil and conventional FCC feed.

Method for reducing intake valve deposits in a spark ignition internal combustion engine which is fuelled with a gasoline fuel composition, wherein the method comprises introducing into the engine an aqueous based composition, wherein the aqueous based composition comprises (i) water, (ii) from 0 vol % to 40 vol % freezing point suppression agent, (iii) from 0 vol % to 10 vol % of surfactant, and (iv) an amine compound in a blending amount of from 0 ppmw to 1000 ppmw.

A fuel composition which includes at least: a fuel from one or more sources selected from the group that comprises mineral, plant and synthetic sources; a compound (T1) selected among polyalkylene glycols, C1-C12 alkyl and polyalkylene glycol ethers, and the mixtures thereof; and a compound (T2) selected among the non-ionic emulsifiers. Also, an additive composition including at least: a compound (T1) selected among the C1-C6 alkyl and polyethylene glycol ethers including two to six units of ethylene glycol; a compound (T2) selected among the esters of one or more C1-C36 alkenyl carboxylic or alkyl carboxylic acids, and a polyol selected among sorbitan and isosorbide, taken alone or mixed together; and possibly a detergent additive. Further, a method for preventing, avoiding or delaying the formation of ice crystals or flakes in a tank of a vehicle provided with an internal combustion engine.

A quaternary ammonium compound of formula (X):

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.0, R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is each individually an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl or aryl group and R includes an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl moiety having at least 5 carbon atoms.

Fuel additive compositions having at least one acylated detergent, at least one Mannich detergent, and at least one polyether and/or polyetheramine. The acylated detergent may be the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a nitrogen containing compound having at least one amino group, that may optionally be quaternizable, and at least one oxygen or nitrogen atom capable of reacting with the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent. The compositions are useful for reducing the formation of carbonaceous deposits and/or cleaning carbonaceous deposits in an engine, such as a gasoline direct injection engine.

An additive composition for a diesel fuel, the additive composition comprising: (i) a first additive comprising one or more of: (a) the reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amino group and a primary or secondary amine; (b) the reaction product of an ?, ? dicarboxylic acid or a derivative thereof and a primary amine; and (c) the reaction product of a polyamine and a fatty acid; and (ii) a second additive which is a terpolymer obtained by reacting monomers of: (x) an ?-olefin; (y) an ester of an unsaturated alcohol; and (z) a third monomer different to (x) and (y) comprising an alkene functional group.