A method for producing a clean gasoline from a light hydrocarbon fraction is disclosed. The method includes two main steps including desulfurization of a light hydrocarbon fraction along with enhancing octane number of the desulfurized light hydrocarbon fraction. The octane number of the desulfurized hydrocarbon fraction is enhanced by applying a hormone-modified additive.

The invention concerns a method of marking a hydrocarbon liquid comprising the

##STR00001##

step of adding to said liquid, as a tracer compound, a compound of Formula I or Formula II: wherein at least one of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I and at least one of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II is selected from: i. a bromine or fluorine atom; ii. a partially or fully halogenated alkyl group; iii. a branched or cyclic C.sub.4-C.sub.20 alkyl group; iv. an aliphatic substituent linking two positions selected from R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I to one another or two positions selected from R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II to one another; or v. a phenyl group substituted with a halogen atom, an aliphatic group or halogenated aliphatic group
and none of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I and none of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II being a sulphonate group or COOR.sup.15, where R.sup.15 represents H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.15 cycloalkyl or aryl.

Method of marking a hydrocarbon liquid includes adding to the liquid, a tracer compound of Formula I or II: ##STR00001##
wherein at least one of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I and at least one of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II is selected from: i. a bromine or fluorine atom; ii. a partially or fully halogenated alkyl group; iii. a branched or cyclic C.sub.4-C.sub.20 alkyl group; iv. an aliphatic substituent linking two positions selected from R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I to one another or two positions selected from R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II to one another; or v. a phenyl group substituted with a halogen atom, an aliphatic group or halogenated aliphatic group and none of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 and none of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 being a sulphonate group or COOR.sup.15, where R.sup.15 represents H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.15 cycloalkyl or aryl.

A fuel additive composition comprising an anthocyanidin; an amino acid; and a catalyst. The anthocyanidin may comprise delphinidin chloride. The amino acid may comprise aspartic acid, leucine acid, glutamic acid, a non-natural amino acid, or a combination thereof. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a method for making of fuel additive, the method comprising: providing an anthocyanidin; contacting the anthocyanidin with an amino acid to form an anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture; contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with a catalyst. The method may further comprise contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with ethanol and/or an acid. The method may further comprise adjusting the pH of the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture to less than 7.

The use of a block copolymer as detergent additive in an internal combustion engine liquid fuel, including: at least one block A of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein n is an integer ranging from 2 to 100, R1 is chosen from hydrogen and the methyl group, R2 is chosen from C1 to C34 hydrocarbon-based chains, at least one block B of formula (II):

##STR00002##

wherein p is an integer between 2 and 40, G is chosen from: o an aryl group, and o an aryl group substituted by at least one group chosen from: a group R, a C1 to C12 hydrocarbon-based chain, and a C1 to C12 hydrocarbon-based chain substituted by at least one group R, being chosen from the group consisting of: the groups including from 1 to 40 atoms chosen from C, N, and optionally O, including at least one primary, secondary or tertiary amine function, and quaternary ammoniums.

A fuel additive composition comprising an anthocyanidin; an amino acid; and a catalyst. The anthocyanidin may comprise delphinidin chloride. The amino acid may comprise aspartic acid, leucine acid, glutamic acid, a non-natural amino acid, or a combination thereof. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a method for making of fuel additive, the method comprising: providing an anthocyanidin; contacting the anthocyanidin with an amino acid to form an anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture; contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with a catalyst. The method may further comprise contacting the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture with ethanol and/or an acid. The method may further comprise adjusting the pH of the anthocyanidin-amino acid mixture to less than 7.

Method of marking a hydrocarbon liquid includes adding to the liquid, a tracer compound of Formula I or II:

##STR00001##

wherein at least one of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I and at least one of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II is selected from: i. a bromine or fluorine atom; ii. a partially or fully halogenated alkyl group; iii. a branched or cyclic C.sub.4-C.sub.20 alkyl group; iv. an aliphatic substituent linking two positions selected from R.sup.1- R.sup.6 in Formula I to one another or two positions selected from R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II to one another; or v. a phenyl group substituted with a halogen atom, an aliphatic group or halogenated aliphatic group and none of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 and none of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 being a sulphonate group or COOR.sup.15, where R.sup.15 represents H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.15 cycloalkyl or aryl.

Method of marking a hydrocarbon liquid includes adding to the liquid, a tracer compound of Formula I or II: ##STR00001##
wherein at least one of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I and at least one of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II is selected from: i. a bromine or fluorine atom; ii. a partially or fully halogenated alkyl group; iii. a branched or cyclic C.sub.4-C.sub.20 alkyl group; iv. an aliphatic substituent linking two positions selected from R.sup.1-R.sup.6 in Formula I to one another or two positions selected from R.sup.7-R.sup.14 in Formula II to one another; or v. a phenyl group substituted with a halogen atom, an aliphatic group or halogenated aliphatic group and none of R.sup.1-R.sup.6 and none of R.sup.7-R.sup.14 being a sulphonate group or COOR.sup.15, where R.sup.15 represents H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, C.sub.3-C.sub.15 cycloalkyl or aryl.

The present invention provides a contact member that strikes a balance between low electrical resistance and sliding durability under the condition of load as low as about 0.1 N. A contact member of the invention has a metal base and a coating disposed on at least part of the metal base. The coating contains fluorinated oil having a polar group, and metal particles surface-treated with a fluorine-based compound having a polar group.

The present invention provides a contact member that strikes a balance between low electrical resistance and sliding durability. A contact member of the invention has a metal base and a coating disposed on at least part of the metal base. The coating contains fluorinated oil having a polar group, and metal particles surface-treated with a fluorine-based compound having a polar group.