Pelletized carbonized biomass-based fuel products, methods, and apparatuses are provided. Methods include applying a binder and a first amount of water to at least partially carbonized biomass, applying a second amount of water to the at least partially carbonized biomass, and pelletizing the at least partially carbonized biomass in an inert atmosphere. Apparatuses include a feeder of at least partially carbonized biomass, a binder source and a first water source configured to provide a binder and water to the at least partially carbonized biomass, a second water source downstream of the binder and first water sources, a pelletizer configured to receive and pelletize the at least partially carbonized biomass, and an inert gas source configured to provide inert gas to the pelletizer.

A process for torrefaction of biomass is provided in which biomass are passed into a fluidized bed reactor and heated to a predetermined temperature in an oxidizing environment. The dried biomass is then fed to a cooler where the temperature of the product is reduced to approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

A process for torrefaction of biomass is provided in which biomass are passed into a fluidized bed reactor and heated to a predetermined temperature in an oxidizing environment. The dried biomass is then fed to a cooler where the temperature of the product is reduced to approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

A method to create a natural charcoal briquette is described herein. A wood material or other biomass is collected and impurities are removed from the wood material. The wood material/biomass is dried at a temperature in a range of approximately 150 C. to approximately 200 C. to reach a moisture level in a range of approximately 3.7% to approximately 5.0%. The dried wood material/biomass is compressed in a shaped mold at approximately 300 C. and under 40 tons of pressure to form a charcoal briquette. The charcoal briquette is carbonized at a temperature in a range of approximately 700 C. to approximately 800 C. in a range of approximately 14 days to approximately 17 days. The charcoal briquette is then cooled for approximately 2 days prior to use or packaging. The resulting briquette is all natural having no glues, chemicals, or binders. The charcoal briquette has a uniform density of at least 1.2 g/cm.sup.3 and has a burn time of at least 4 hours.

A method to create a natural charcoal briquette is described herein. A wood material or other biomass is collected and impurities are removed from the wood material. The wood material/biomass is dried at a temperature in a range of approximately 150 C. to approximately 200 C. to reach a moisture level in a range of approximately 3.7% to approximately 5.0%. The dried wood material/biomass is compressed in a shaped mold at approximately 300 C. and under 40 tons of pressure to form a charcoal briquette. The charcoal briquette is carbonized at a temperature in a range of approximately 700 C. to approximately 800 C. in a range of approximately 14 days to approximately 17 days. The charcoal briquette is then cooled for approximately 2 days prior to use or packaging. The resulting briquette is all natural having no glues, chemicals, or binders. The charcoal briquette has a uniform density of at least 1.2 g/cm.sup.3 and has a burn time of at least 4 hours.

Provided is a method of economically modifying low rank coal (LRC) to be high grade coal having minimized water re-absorption and minimized spontaneous ignition possibility while saving energy by coating heavy oil directly on coal without using solvent oil. Provides is a method of modifying coal using palm oil residue, including milling the coal, homogenously mixing the palm oil residue with the milled coal, melting the palm oil residue mixed with the coal so as to be coated on a surface of the coal, and simultaneously drying moisture in the coal, cooling the dried coal, and briquetting the cooled coal.