A gas turbine process includes supplying a fuel to a gas turbine, combusting the fuel in the gas turbine with a hot gas path temperature reaching at least 1100 C. during operation of the gas turbine, and supplying an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing inorganic compound to interact with the vanadium and inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine caused by vanadium as a fuel impurity in the fuel. A process includes supplying an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing inorganic compound to a hot gas path or a combustor of a gas turbine. A fuel composition includes a fuel including at least one fuel impurity including vanadium and an inhibition composition including at least one yttrium-containing compound. An atomic ratio of yttrium to vanadium in the fuel composition is in a range of 1 to 1.5.

Oxycombustion process wherein low ranking, gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in an amount by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, for producing energy, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a water-soluble salt, the combustor being refractored and isotherm or quasi isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures comprised between 1,250 C. and 1,450 C. and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant is oxygen, the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam such that the ratio by moles oxidant:(water-steam) is comprised between about 1:0.4 and about 1:3 or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water, the molar ratio oxidant:(water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the low ranking hydrocarbon fraction containing vanadium is fed in admixture with water or steam, such that the amount of water/steam in the mixture is at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.

A process based on the combined use of yttrium and magnesium to inhibit vanadium corrosion of high temperature parts of thermal equipment. The combined use of yttrium and magnesium, applied in a variable yttrium/magnesium ratio, compared with conventional magnesium inhibition, may reduce emission of magnesium vanadate and minimize losses of performance due to fouling of the high temperature parts, including in the presence of alkali metals. Further, compared with inhibition based on yttrium alone, it may reduce the inhibition cost and reinforce the protection against combined vanadium pentoxide and sodium sulfate corrosion.

Oxycombustion process for producing energy wherein low ranking gaseous, liquid, solid, optionally solid melting hydrocarbon fractions are used as fuels, having a vanadium content in amounts by weight from 50 to 5,000 ppm or higher, and alkaline metals Ma in amounts from 20 to 10,000 ppm, wherein magnesium is added as oxide, or as a magnesium compound forming MgO in the combustion process, or mixtures thereof and a silico-aluminate wherein the molar ratio SiO.sub.2:Al.sub.2O.sub.3 ranges from 2:1 to 6:1; the combustor being refractored, isotherm or quasi-isotherm, flameless, working at temperatures in the range 1,250-1,450 C. and under pressurized conditions, wherein the oxidant being used in admixture with water or steam, the ratio by moles oxidant:(water/steam) being comprised between about 1:0.4 and about 1:3, or the oxidant is used in admixture with flue gases recycled from the flue gases outletting the energy recovery equipments, wherein the water/steam amount is higher than 30% by volume, optionally by adding water to the recycled flue gases, the molar ratio oxidant:(water/steam) in flue gases being comprised from about 1:0.4 to about 1:3; the hydrocarbon fraction being fed in admixture with water or steam, the amount of water/steam being at least 30% by weight with respect to the hydrocarbon fraction.

The present invention relates to the use of an olefin-carboxylic acid copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one free carboxylic acid side group, or of a nitrogen compound quaternized with epoxide in the presence of an olefin-carboxylic acid copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one free carboxylic acid side group, as a fuel additive or lubricant additive; to processes for preparing additives of this kind, and to fuels and lubricants additized therewith; such as, more particularly, as a detergent additive; for reduction or prevention of deposits in the injection systems of direct injection diesel engines, especially in common rail injection systems, for reduction of the fuel consumption of direct injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common rail injection systems, and for minimization of power loss in direct injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common rail injection systems; and as an additive for gasoline fuels, especially for operation of DISI engines.

A fire starter kit that includes a frame, a scratcher, a sparking road, and at least one fuel reservoir. The frame is having a first end, a second end, a middle region, a recess provided on the middle region, and a first slot provided along the first end, the second end and partially through the middle region. The scratcher removably mounted in the recess, wherein the scratcher is having at least one blade provided with a plurality of tooths. The sparking rod is removably mounted within the first slot, wherein the sparking rod is configured to produce sparks when scratched with the scratcher.

The invention relates to the use of engineered fuel feedstocks to control the emission of sulfur-based, chlorine-based, nitrogen-based, or mercury-based pollutants, such as SO.sub.2, SO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, NO, NO.sub.2, HCl, and Hg that are generated during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal. Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feedstocks, feedstocks produced by the described processes, methods of making the fuel feedstocks, methods of producing energy from the fuel feedstocks, and methods of generating electricity from the fuel feedstocks.

An aerosol generating article and an aerosol generating system, which include a composite heat source, are provided. An aerosol generating article includes: a first portion including a composite heat source; a second portion adjacent to the first portion and including at least one of an aerosol generating material and a tobacco material; a third portion including a cooling material; and a fourth portion including a filter material, wherein the first portion, the second portion, the third portion, and the fourth portion are sequentially arranged along a longitudinal direction of the aerosol generating article.

A method of inhibiting vanadic corrosion of a hot part of a gas turbine system is provided. The method includes introducing, in the combustor, a first oxide comprising magnesium oxide (MgO) and at least one second oxide from among Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2 and SiO.sub.2. A ratio m of a number of moles of MgO to a number of moles of V.sub.2O.sub.5 and a ratio a of a total number of moles of the at least one second oxide to the number of moles of V.sub.2O.sub.5 satisfy two conditions based on a firing temperature of the expansion turbine, an average density of one or more double oxides formed by a reaction between MgO and the at least one second oxide, and an average Knoop hardness of the one or more double oxides formed by the reaction between MgO and the at least one second oxide.

There is provided a process for operating a coal-fired furnace to generate heat. The process has the steps of a) providing the coal to the furnace and b) combusting the coal in the presence of a first slag-reducing ingredient and a second slag-reducing ingredient in amounts effective to reduce slag formation in the furnace. In one embodiment, the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated magnesium compounds and the second slag-reducing ingredient is selected from the group consisting of one or more oxygenated calcium compounds, one or more oxygenated silicon compounds, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the first slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated silicon compounds, and wherein the second slag-reducing ingredient is one or more oxygenated aluminum compounds. There are also provided methods for reducing slag formation in a coal-fired furnace. There are also provided methods for treating coal. There are also treated coals.