A solid composition comprising copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), tin (Sn) and silver (Ag), which improves performance of combustion engines by decreasing fuel consumption and levels of emission, particularly soot (particulate matter, or PM), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), in an economically efficient way.

This invention relates to a lubricating oil composition comprising or resulting from the admixing of: a) 50 to 99 mass % of one or more base oils; b) 0.1 to 15 mass % of one or more functionalized olefin copolymer having an Mn of from 10,000 to 35,000 g/mol; c) 0.1 to 20 mass % of one or more detergents wherein the detergent comprises at least one calcium detergent having a TBN of more than 100 mg KOH/g; at least one calcium detergent having a TBN of 100 mg KOH/g or less; and at least one magnesium detergent, where the difference in the TBN's for the Ca detergents is at least 100 mg KOH/g; d) 0.01 to 40 mass % of one or more dispersants wherein the dispersants comprise at least one borated dispersant and at least one non borated dispersant; e) 0.01 to 20 of mass % sulfurized fatty acid ester; f) 0.01 to 5 mass % of one or more amine or phenol based antioxidants; and g) 0.001 to 15 mass % of molybdenum containing compound, where the lubricating oil composition has: 1) a sulfated ash content of 0.9 mass % or less; 2) a Mack T-11 final soot %@15 cSt of 6.7% or more; 3) a total base number of 5 to 30 mg KOH/g; 4) HTCBT of copper level increase of 20 ppm or less; 5) T-13 IR peak EOT of 40 abs/cm or less; and 6) Cam wear outlet of 45 m or less.

Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization system including: a first chute for supplying a pretreatment apparatus with coal transported by a belt conveyor; a pretreatment apparatus for immersing the supplied coal in a catalyst mixture obtained by mixing a desulfurization catalyst and water, thereby desulfurizing the coal; a mesh conveyor for separating the coal being immersed in the catalyst mixture and having passed through the pretreatment apparatus, into a liquid phase and a catalyst-treated coal; a mesh conveyor for transporting the catalyst-treated coal; and a storage tank for storing the transported catalyst-treated coal.

A fuel additive having one or more industrial and/or mining waste components, the one or more industrial waste components including one or more components generated by alumina and/or shale oil production. Also described are methods of making and methods of using the fuel additive.