The invention relates to the use of an O/W emulsion, in particular a PIT emulsion, for lubricating conveyor belt systems in food industries as well as a lubricant concentrate based on an O/W emulsion, in particular a PIT emulsion, of wax esters.

The disclosure generally provides branched diester compounds having exceptional low-temperature and flow properties. The disclosure also provides uses of the branched diester compounds in lubricant compositions, for example, as a base oil, and in other applications where their low-temperature and flow properties can be employed beneficially. The disclosure also provides efficient and green methods for making the branched diester compounds.

In certain embodiments, a vegetable oil-based diester (1,6-hexyldioleate) was branched with propanoic acid (C3) using a green synthetic approach involving solvent-free and catalyst-free epoxide ring opening followed by in situ normal esterification. A total of three branched ester derivatives possessing varied numbers of internal protruding branched ester groups and hydroxyl groups were obtained. All of the pure branched derivatives were comprised of mixtures of positional isomers and/or stereoisomers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that regardless of the composition inhomogeneity of each branched derivative, crystallization was suppressed completely in all of the branched compounds, and they all demonstrated glass transitions below 65 C.

Without being bound by any theory, it is believed that this unique thermal behavior is attributed to the internal protruding branched moieties and hydroxyl groups, which dramatically slowed down mass transfer starting with the least branched compound (2-branched derivative). The viscosity of the branched compounds was one order of magnitude larger than that of the starting di ester due to the increased branching and increased resistance to flow associated with hydrogen bonding introduced by the OH groups. Overall, these branched diesters demonstrated superior low temperature and flow properties comparable to existing non-sustainable commercial lubricants and analogous biobased materials which makes them suitable alternatives for use in lubricant formulations particularly in high performance industrial gear and bearing lubricants.

Disclosed herein are lubricating compositions and methods of use of the same, including for, e.g., use in metalworking operations.

This disclosure relates to oil compositions of ester blends that are useful in the chemical arts, such as in the manufacture of products, such as base oils and battery immersive cooling fluids. In particular, the present disclosure pertains to blends of an alkenylene diester, such as a dialkyl fumarate or a dialkyl maleate, and a compound of Formula I.

A working fluid filled in a refrigerant circulation system comprising a compressor, a condenser, an expansion mechanism, an evaporator, and an accumulator, the working fluid comprising: a refrigerant; and a refrigerating machine oil, wherein the refrigerant comprises a hydrocarbon refrigerant having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, the refrigerating machine oil has a mixed aniline point of 20 C. or higher and 50 C. or lower and a viscosity index of 110 or more, an amount of the refrigerant dissolved in the working fluid is 40% by mass or less under conditions of a temperature of 80 C. and an absolute pressure of 2.8 MPa, and the refrigerating machine oil has a kinematic viscosity at 10 C. of 200 mm.sup.2/s or more and 3000 mm.sup.2/s or less.

A working fluid filled in a refrigerant circulation system comprising a compressor, a condenser, an expansion mechanism, an evaporator, and an accumulator, the working fluid comprising: a refrigerant; and a refrigerating machine oil, wherein the refrigerant comprises a hydrocarbon refrigerant having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, the refrigerating machine oil has a mixed aniline point of 20 C. or higher and 50 C. or lower and a viscosity index of 110 or more, an amount of the refrigerant dissolved in the working fluid is 40% by mass or less under conditions of a temperature of 80 C. and an absolute pressure of 2.8 MPa, and the refrigerating machine oil has a kinematic viscosity at 10 C. of 200 mm.sup.2/s or more and 3000 mm.sup.2/s or less.

A water-soluble lubricant including a cyclic compound (A) having a ring structure (a) including at least one substructure represented by the following formula (i) or (ii):

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in the above formula, * represents a binding site. The water-soluble lubricant is used in an aqueous metalworking fluid and in a method of metalworking.

A water-soluble lubricant including a cyclic compound (A) having a ring structure (a) including at least one substructure represented by the following formula (i) or (ii):

##STR00001##

in the above formula, * represents a binding site. The water-soluble lubricant is used in an aqueous metalworking fluid and in a method of metalworking.

A working fluid filled in a refrigerant circulation system comprising a compressor, a condenser, an expansion mechanism, an evaporator, and an accumulator, the working fluid comprising: a refrigerant; and a refrigerating machine oil, wherein the refrigerant comprises a hydrocarbon refrigerant having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, the refrigerating machine oil has a mixed aniline point of 20 C. or higher and 50 C. or lower and a viscosity index of 110 or more, an amount of the refrigerant dissolved in the working fluid is 40% by mass or less under conditions of a temperature of 80 C. and an absolute pressure of 2.8 MPa, and the refrigerating machine oil has a kinematic viscosity at 10 C. of 200 mm.sup.2/s or more and 3000 mm.sup.2/s or less.

A working fluid filled in a refrigerant circulation system comprising a compressor, a condenser, an expansion mechanism, an evaporator, and an accumulator, the working fluid comprising: a refrigerant; and a refrigerating machine oil, wherein the refrigerant comprises a hydrocarbon refrigerant having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, the refrigerating machine oil has a mixed aniline point of 20 C. or higher and 50 C. or lower and a viscosity index of 110 or more, an amount of the refrigerant dissolved in the working fluid is 40% by mass or less under conditions of a temperature of 80 C. and an absolute pressure of 2.8 MPa, and the refrigerating machine oil has a kinematic viscosity at 10 C. of 200 mm.sup.2/s or more and 3000 mm.sup.2/s or less.