The invention provides compositions and in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro methods for trans-differentiation of or re-programming mammalian cells to functional neurons. In particular, the invention provides methods for engineering non-neuronal cells into neurons, including fully functional human neuronal cells, and methods for engineering non-neuronal cells into neurons, e.g., fully functional human neuronal cells, in the brain to treat a neurodegenerative disease. In alternative embodiments, the invention provides compositions comprising re-differentiated or re-programmed mammalian cells, such as human cells, of the invention. The invention also provides compositions and methods for direct reprogramming of cells to a second phenotype or differentiated phenotype, such as a neuron, including a fully functional human neuronal cell. The invention also provides formulations, products of manufacture, implants, artificial organs or tissues, or kits, comprising a trans-differentiated or re-programmed cell of the invention, e.g., a fully functional human neuronal cell.

Disclosed are compositions and methods for directing NK cells to the bone marrow through the use of PM21 particles.

Provided are a composition for culturing NK cells, and a method of culturing NK cells using the same. According to an aspect, in culturing NK cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, when NK cells are cultured in a medium including the composition for culturing NK cells, the composition including IL-15, IL-18, and IL-27, the NK cells may proliferate in large quantities and activation of NK cells may be promoted. Therefore, when the NK cells are used, cancer cell apoptosis or cancer cell-killing ability may be promoted. Accordingly, the NK cells may be used as an effective adoptive immune cell therapy product in cancer prevention or treatment.

Provided are a composition for culturing NK cells, and a method of culturing NK cells using the same. According to an aspect, in culturing NK cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, when NK cells are cultured in a medium including the composition for culturing NK cells, the composition including IL-15, IL-18, and IL-27, the NK cells may proliferate in large quantities and activation of NK cells may be promoted. Therefore, when the NK cells are used, cancer cell apoptosis or cancer cell-killing ability may be promoted. Accordingly, the NK cells may be used as an effective adoptive immune cell therapy product in cancer prevention or treatment.

Embodiments of the instant disclosure relate to novel compositions, methods and systems for generating ILC cells. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides for a composition including a hematopoietic progenitor cell expressing CD48 and at least one of a CD48 ligand, a CD48 agonist or a CD48 antagonist in order to induce production of ILC2 or ILC3 (for example, NCR.sup.+ ILC3 and LTi-ILC3) cell populations. In other certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of treating one or more health condition or immune-mediated condition in a subject by administering an effective amount of a composition of ILC2 or ILC3 cells generated using methods disclosed herein.

The present invention relates to an in vitro culture of haematopoietic cells, wherein said haematopoietic cells differentiate to form granulocytes characterised by the ability to kill cancer cells. The invention also relates to said granulocytes, methods for identifying said haematopoietic cells and granulocytes, compositions and kits comprising the same, as well as uses of the same for treating cancer.

The present invention refers to a method for the production of activated CD3-CD56+ NK cells, activated CD3-CD56 NK+ cells obtainable with the method, their use, in particular for the treatment of a tumor, preferably a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for use in the treatment and/or prevention of an HCV infection, for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a post-liver transplant HCV reinfection, or for use for prevention of a post-liver transplant HCC recurrence. The invention also concerns pharmaceutical compositions including the activated CD3-CD56+ NK cells.

Provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a subject including detecting an amount of PD-L1(+) natural killer (NK) cells in a biological sample from the subject and treating the subject with an anti cancer therapy. Provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a patient including isolating natural killer (NK) cells from a subject, producing a population of PD-L1(+) NK cell from the isolated NK cells, and administering the population of PD-L1(+) NK cells into the patient.

An in vitro method of expanding γδ T cells includes isolating γδ T cells from a blood sample of a human subject, activating the isolated γδ T cells in the presence of an aminobisphosphonate and/or a feeder cell and at least one cytokine, expanding the activated γδ T cells, and optionally restimulating the expanded γδ T cells.

The present invention relates to a method for producing induced natural killer (iNK) cells, into which a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene encoding a CAR is introduced, iNK cells produced by the method, and a cell therapy composition and a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer, comprising the iNK cells.

The method according to the present invention has the effects of producing the iNK cells, into which a CAR gene is introduced, with high efficiency through direct reprogramming from isolated cells without limiting an initial cell, and directly producing the same without a differentiation process, thereby simplifying the production process and reducing costs and time. The method according to the present invention has the effect of producing excellent NK cells having enhanced safety by directly producing NK cells from human somatic cells that are easy to obtain, without passing through induced pluripotent stem cells produced through conventional reprogramming technology. In addition, the iNK cells, into which a CAR gene is introduced, produced by the method, have an excellent cancer cell killing ability, and thus can be effectively utilized as a cell therapy composition or a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating cancer.