Described herein is an amperometric biosensor, e.g., chronoamperometric biosensor for the measurement of the concentration of nicotine. Also disclosed herein is a wearable nicotine biosensor device and a biosensor that detects nicotine in smoke. The biosensor disclosed herein comprises a nicotine-catalyzing enzyme, such as NicA2 or mutant NicA2 enzymes. Also described herein are systems comprising said amperometric biosensor, e.g., chronoamperometric biosensor and methods of using said chronoamperometric biosensor.

The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for delivering and/or receiving a substance or substances such as blood from subjects. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to devices and methods for receiving or extracting blood from a subject, e.g., from the skin and/or from beneath the skin, using devices containing a substance transfer component (for example, one or more needles or microneedles) and a reduced pressure or vacuum chamber having an internal pressure less than atmospheric pressure prior to receiving blood. In some embodiments, the device may contain a “snap dome” or other deformable structure, which may be used, at least in part, to urge or move needles or other suitable substance transfer components into the skin of a subject. In some cases, for example, the device may contain a flexible concave member and a needle mechanically coupled to the flexible concave member such that the needle may be urged or moved into the skin using the flexible concave member. Other aspects of the present invention are directed at other devices for receiving blood (or other bodily fluids, e.g., interstitial fluid), kits involving such devices, methods of making such devices, methods of using such devices, and the like.

A method for monitoring intoxication of a user, the method including: receiving a set of samples from a body region of a user; generating an intoxication metric based on the set of samples; and providing a notification to the user based on the intoxication metric. The method can additionally or alternatively include: modifying operation of the transdermal alcohol sensing device based on the intoxication metric; determining contextual data; maintaining a hydration level of the transdermal alcohol sensing device; and any other suitable processes. A system for monitoring intoxication of a user including a sensor and a housing. The system can additionally or alternatively include any or all of: an inlet, a fastener, an electronics subsystem, a user device, and/or any other suitable component.

The present invention provides a device and process that rapidly assesses volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in a gaseous state by reading gas emitted through a subject's skin into the ambient surroundings. The device delivers rapid high-sensitivity capture, classification and pattern recognition to identify a unique VOC profile derived from that bio-sample. A flexible probe module can be appropriately configured with attachments to collect gases from the air surrounding any person, any area enclosed or proximal to a potential VOC source, and/or in clinical applications, near any skin surface, from zones or areas within or immediate adjacent to a body orifice such as nasal passage, otic canal, mouth, armpit, vagina, urethra, navel, anus, vagina, scalp, torso, palm, foot, etc. The device thus provides a practical screening device for clearing persons of interest, e.g., in a waiting room, planning to enter a room or building, a client seeking a personal meeting, etc., and/or providing a handyman, health care worker, or other service provider, a means of assurance when entering a place of service.

Systems and methods for continuous real-time sweat sampling and analysis are disclosed. A sweat collection article and method of collecting sweat from a person's skin using the sweat collection article are provided. The sweat collection article includes: a sweat collecting tube placed adjacent to the person's skin, and at least one piece of flexible material that has an adhesive that adheres the article to the person's skin and is positioned to overlie one end of the tube. The second end of the sweat collecting tube is in fluid communication with an instrument such as a mass spectrometer that analyzes the sweat on a real-time basis. The systems and methods may further include a device for removing salt from the sweat that is arranged so that the sweat is transported to the device prior to being transported to the instrument for analyzing the sweat.

Concentrating devices, systems, and methods include those for separating fluids to be sensed (e.g., analytes, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and/or other chemical substances) from other fluid (e.g., a carrier gas, air, etc.) of a fluid mixture received from a target area of a subject's anatomy (e.g., a subject's skin, a wound on a subject, etc.). In some cases, the concentration system may include a housing and a rotor positioned in a compartment of the housing. The housing may receive a fluid mixture in the compartment and rotation of the rotor relative to the housing may separate fluid to be sensed in the fluid mixture from other fluid of the fluid mixture.

A sweat sensing device is described. The sweat sensing device includes at least one swellable component. The sweat sensing device further includes a defined sweat collection area in fluid communication with the swellable component. The sweat sensing device further includes at least one first sensor for directly or indirectly measuring the dimension of the swellable component such that sweat generation rate and/or sweat volume can be calculated from the measure of dimension of the swellable component and the defined sweat collection area.

A device (154) for sensing sweat on skin (12) includes an analyte-specific sensor (166, 168) for sensing an analyte in sweat; a sweat stimulant reservoir (174, 176, 178) separated from a waste water reservoir (184) by a water-permeable, sweat-stimulant impermeable membrane (182). The waste water reservoir (184) has a wicking force that is not greater than the wicking force of the sweat stimulant reservoir (174, 176, 178). The waste water reservoir (184) removes excess water from sweat to prevent the dilution of the sweat stimulant from the sweat stimulant reservoir (174, 176, 178), thereby maintaining the effectiveness of the sweat stimulant.

The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for delivering and/or receiving a substance or substances such as blood from subjects. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to devices and methods for receiving or extracting blood from a subject, e.g., from the skin and/or from beneath the skin, using devices containing a substance transfer component (for example, one or more needles or microneedles) and a reduced pressure or vacuum chamber having an internal pressure less than atmospheric pressure prior to receiving blood. In some embodiments, the device may contain a “snap dome” or other deformable structure, which may be used, at least in part, to urge or move needles or other suitable substance transfer components into the skin of a subject. In some cases, for example, the device may contain a flexible concave member and a needle mechanically coupled to the flexible concave member such that the needle may be urged or moved into the skin using the flexible concave member. Other aspects of the present invention are directed at other devices for receiving blood (or other bodily fluids, e.g., interstitial fluid), kits involving such devices, methods of making such devices, methods of using such devices, and the like.

A detection system (100) detects at least ethanol in human sweat. The detection system (100) includes at least one sensor (105) that is an electrochemical gas sensor. The at least one sensor (105) is configured at least for the detection of ethanol. The detection system (100) further includes a measuring chamber (107), in which substances excreted by the user via the user's skin can be fed via a waterproof, gas-permeable diffusion membrane to the at least one sensor (105). The detection system (100) further includes at least one seal (127), which is configured to be brought into direct contact with the skin of a user and to protect at least the measuring chamber (107) from environmental effects.