This invention relates to chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled from a polypeptide comprising a papilloma virus (PV)L1 protein or L1/L2 protein and a target peptide comprising a CD8+ T cell epitope derived from a human pathogen. This invention also relates to methods using the chimeric VLPs as antigen-specific redirectors of immune responses.

The present disclosure provides immunogens, immunogenic compositions, vaccines based on neutralizing epitopes from lethal factor peptide (LF) and loop neutralizing determinant (LND) of protective antigen, and methods of using thereof for treating and preventing infection and disease caused by Bacillus anthracis.