Nucleic acids encoding norovirus VP1 fusion proteins and VLPs comprising the norovirus VP1 fusion proteins are provided. Methods for norovirus VP1 fusion protein and norovirus VLP production in plants are also described. The VP1 fusion protein comprises, a first sequence encoding an S domain derived from a first norovirus strain, and a second sequence encoding a P domain derived from a second norovirus strain.

A 2D organoid for infection and growth culture of human diarrhea virus, obtained by: (1) obtaining a 3D organoid by three-dimensionally culturing a human intestinal epithelial stem cell, a human intestinal epithelial cell, or a tissue containing at least any of those cells on an extracellular matrix; and (2) dispersing the 3D organoid to prepare a single cell, and monolayer-culturing the single cell on an extracellular matrix to obtain the 2D organoid having a monolayer structure in which epithelial cells contain differentiated trophoblastic cells and goblet cells and configured as human intestinal lumen having a monolayer structure.

A combination of cationic nanoparticles and viruses and uses thereof. The use of nanoparticles for enhancing the infectious capacity of a live virus, preferably a non-enveloped live virus.

Embodiments of the disclosure concern systems, methods, and/or compositions for cultivation of mammalian viruses, including at least human noroviruses and sapoviruses within the Caliciviridae family of viruses. The ex vivo culture systems include intestinal enteroids in combination with bile or a functionally active fraction or component thereof. In specific embodiments, the culture system is utilized to test inactivation compounds for therapeutic or environmental efficacy and to test contaminated comestibles and/or environmental entities for determination of the presence of infectious virus. Furthermore, antiviral compositions may be tested using systems of the disclosure, including drugs, small molecule inhibitors, and biologics such as neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.

Methods for purifying human Calciviruses are disclosed, including Noroviruses and Sapoviruses.

Nucleic acids encoding norovirus VP1 fusion proteins and VLPs comprising the norovirus VP1 fusion proteins are provided. Methods for norovirus VP1 fusion protein and norovirus VLP production in plants are also described. The VP1 fusion protein comprises, a first sequence encoding an S domain derived from a first norovirus strain, and a second sequence encoding a P domain derived from a second norovirus strain.

Methods of purifying virus-like particles (VLPs) that are substantially free of process contaminants and infectious agents. The methods incorporate, for example, low-pH treatment during harvest and/or inactivation by a solvent and/or detergent during VLP capture.

Methods for purifying human Calciviruses are disclosed, including Noroviruses and Sapoviruses.

Methods of purifying virus-like particles (VLPs) that are substantially free of process contaminants and infectious agents. The methods incorporate, for example, low-pH treatment during harvest and/or inactivation by a solvent and/or detergent during VLP capture.

A method for producing a useful protein using a plant of the present invention comprises the steps of: cultivating the plant (cultivation step); infecting the cultivated plant with Agrobacterium having a polynucleotide encoding the useful protein (infection step); and allowing the infected plant to express the useful protein (expression step); wherein, in at least part of the cultivation step, the plant is cultivated under lighting conditions where the ratio of the light energy within the wavelength region of 600 nm to 700 nm to the light energy within the wavelength region of 400 nm to 800 nm is not less than 50%.