Embodiments disclosed herein relate to the production of amorphous metals having compositions of iron, chromium, molybdenum, carbon and boron for usage in additive manufacturing, such as in layer-by-layer deposition to produce multi-functional parts. Such parts demonstrate ultra-high strength without sacrificing toughness and also maintain the amorphous structure of the materials during and after manufacturing processes. Two additive manufacturing techniques are provided: (1) the complete melting of amorphous powder and re-solidifying to amorphous structure to eliminate the formation of crystalline structure therein by controlling a heating source power and cooling rate without affecting previous deposited layers; and (2) partial melting of the outer surface of the amorphous powder, and solidifying powder particles with each-other without undergoing a complete melting stage. Amorphous alloy compositions have oxygen impurities in low concentration levels to optimize glass forming ability (GFA). Specific techniques of additive manufacturing include those based on lasers, electron beams and ultrasonic sources.

An R-TM-B hot-pressed and deformed magnet (here, R represents a rare earth metal selected from the group consisting of Nd, Dy, Pr, Tb, Ho, Sm, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pm, Eu, Gd, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and a combination thereof, and TM represents a transition metal) of the present invention comprises flat type anisotropic magnetized crystal grains and a nonmagnetic alloy distributed in a boundary surface between the crystal grains, and thus the magnet of the present invention has an excellent magnetic shielding effect as compared with an existing permanent magnet since the crystal gains can be completely enclosed in the nonmagnetic alloy, so that a hot-pressed and deformed magnet with enhanced coercive force can be manufactured through a more economical process.

A soft magnetic powder includes soft magnetic metal particles. The soft magnetic metal particles include metal particles and oxide parts covering the metal particles. Each of the metal particles at least include Fe. Each of the oxide parts at least include Fe and Mn. Concentration distributions of Mn of the soft magnetic particles have maximum concentrations of Mn in the oxide parts.

Provided is an oxide-containing magnetic material sputtering target wherein the oxides have an average grain diameter of 400 nm or less. Also provided is a method of producing an oxide-containing magnetic material sputtering target. The method involves depositing a magnetic material on a substrate by the PVD or CVD method, then removing the substrate from the deposited magnetic material, pulverizing the material to obtain a raw material for the target, and further sintering the raw material. An object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic material target, in particular a nonmagnetic grain-dispersed ferromagnetic sputtering target capable of suppressing discharge abnormalities of oxides that are the cause of particle generation during sputtering.

A magnetic refrigeration material includes an alloy represented by a composition formula of La(Fe, Si).sub.13H, and the alloy includes α-Fe by a weight ratio lower than 1 wt % and a plurality of pores so that a packing fraction of the alloy is within a range from 85% to 99%.

An R-T-B based permanent magnet includes main phase grains composed of R.sub.2T.sub.14B type compound. R is a rare earth element. T is iron group element(s) essentially including Fe or Fe and Co. B is boron. An average grain size of the main phase grains is 0.8 μm or more and 2.8 μm or less. The R-T-B based permanent magnet contains at least C and Zr in addition to R, T, and B. B is contained at 0.75 mass % or more and 0.88 mass % or less. Zr is contained at 0.65 mass % or more and 5.00 mass % or less. A formula (1) of 5.0≦[B]+[C]−[Zr]≦5.6 is satisfied, where [B] is a B content represented by atom %, [C] is a C content represented by atom %, and [Zr] is a Zr content represented by atom %.

An R-T-B based permanent magnet includes main phase grains composed of R.sub.2T.sub.14B type compound. R is a rare earth element. T is iron group element(s) essentially including Fe or Fe and Co. B is boron. The magnet contains at least C, Ga, and M selected from Zr, Ti, and Nb in addition to R, T, and B. B is contained at 0.71 mass % to 0.88 mass %. C is contained at 0.15 mass % to 0.34 mass %. Ga is contained at 0.40 mass % to 1.40 mass %. M is contained at 0.25 mass % to 2.50 mass %. A formula (1) of 0.14≦[C]/([B]+[C])≦0.30 and a formula (2) of 5.0≦[B]+[C]−[M]≦5.6 are satisfied, where [B], [C], and [M] are respectively a content of B, C, and M by atom %.

The invention relates to an alloy produced by powder metallurgy and having a non-amorphous matrix, the alloy consists of in weight % (wt. %): C 0-2.5 Si 0-2.5 Mn 0-15 Cr 0-25 Mo 4-35 B 0.2-2.8 optional elements, balance Fe and/or Ni apart from impurities, wherein the alloy comprises 3-35 volume % hard phase particles, the hard phase particles comprises at least one of borides, nitrides, carbides and/or combinations thereof, at least 90% of the hard phase particles have a size of less than 5 μm and at least 50% of the hard phase particles have a size in the range of 0.3-3 μm.

The invention relates to a cold work tool steel. The steel comprises the following main components (in wt. %): C 0.5-2, N 1.3-3, Si 0.05-1.2, Mn 0.05-1, Cr 2.5-5.5, Mo 0.8-2.2, V 6-18, with a balance of optional elements, iron, and impurities.

Provided is a magnetic refrigeration material represented by the formula La.sub.1-fRE.sub.f(Fe.sub.1-a-b-c-d-eSi.sub.aCo.sub.bX.sub.cY.sub.dZ.sub.e).sub.13 (RE: at least one of rare earth elements including Sc and Y and excluding La; X: Ga and/or Al; Y: at least one of Ge, Sn, B, and C; Z: at least one of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Zr; 0.03≦a≦0.17, 0.003≦b≦0.06, 0.02≦c≦0.10, 0≦d≦0.04, 0≦e≦0.04, 0≦f≦0.50), and having an average crystal grain size of not smaller than 0.01 μm and not larger than 3 μm, a Curie temperature of not lower than 250 K, and the maximum (−ΔS.sub.max) of magnetic entropy change (−ΔS.sub.M) when subjected to a field change up to 2 Tesla is not less than 5 J/kgK.