Methods for treating steel, along with the resulting treated steel, are provided. The method may comprise: nitriding a carburized Ferrium steel component such that the Ferrium steel component has a surface portion with a nitrogen content that is greater than 0% to about 5% by weight. Nitriding the Ferrium steel component may increase the surface hardness of the Ferrium steel. The surface portion may have a nitrogen content of about 0.05% to about 0.5% by weight.

Methods for treating steel, along with the resulting treated steel, are provided. The method may comprise: nitriding a carburized Ferrium steel component such that the Ferrium steel component has a surface portion with a nitrogen content that is greater than 0% to about 5% by weight. Nitriding the Ferrium steel component may increase the surface hardness of the Ferrium steel. The surface portion may have a nitrogen content of about 0.05% to about 0.5% by weight.

A manufacturing method of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: manufacturing a cold-rolled sheet; forming a groove in the cold-rolled sheet; removing an Fe—O oxide formed on a surface of the cold-rolled sheet; primary recrystallization annealing the cold-rolled sheet; and applying an annealing separating agent to the primary recrystallized cold-rolled sheet, and secondary recrystallization annealing it, wherein a close contacting property coefficient calculated by Formula 1 below is 0.016 to 1.13.

close contacting property coefficient (S.sub.ad)=(0.8×R)/H.sub.hill-up  [Formula 1] (In Formula 1, R represents the average roughness (μm) of the surface of the cold-rolled sheet after the removing of the oxide, and H.sub.hill-up represents the average height (μm) of the hill-up present on the surface of the cold-rolled sheet after the removing of the oxide.)

A manufacturing method of a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention, includes: manufacturing a cold-rolled sheet; forming a groove by irradiating a laser beam on the cold-rolled sheet; and partially removing an oxide layer formed on a surface of the cold-rolled sheet so that a thickness of the oxide layer remains at 1 to 5 nm, wherein the grain-oriented electrical steel sheet has islands of 0.25 or less having sphericity of 0.5 to 0.9 under the oxide layer under the groove.

The invention describes a method of heat-treating an article, which includes a first step of heating the article to a temperature of 400° C. to 500° C. at a pressure of 1 to 3 millibar in an atmosphere comprising hydrogen for a period of 0.1 to 50 hours to produce a hot article, a second step of heating the hot article at a temperature of 400° C. to 500° C. at a pressure of 1 to 3 millibar in an atmosphere comprising at least one of hydrogen, argon, and nitrogen, for 0.1 to 50 hours to produce a preliminary heat treated article, and a third step of heating the preliminary heat treated article at a temperature of 400° C. to 500° C. at a pressure of 1 to 3 millibar in an atmosphere comprising at least one of hydrogen, nitrogen, and a hydrocarbon gas, for 0.1 to 50 hours; to produce a heat-treated article.

Provided is a method for nitriding a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet which is very useful in obtaining excellent magnetic properties with no variation, that enables generating glow discharge between positive electrodes and negative electrodes disposed in a nitriding zone and irradiating the generated plasma to a strip to perform appropriate nitriding.

Provided is a method for nitriding a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet which is very useful in obtaining excellent magnetic properties with no variation, that enables generating glow discharge between positive electrodes and negative electrodes disposed in a nitriding zone and irradiating the generated plasma to a strip to perform appropriate nitriding.

A nitrided steel product or thin cast steel strip comprising, by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, niobium between 0.01 and about 0.20%, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa.

A nitrided steel product or thin cast steel strip comprising, by weight, less than 0.25% carbon, between 0.20 and 2.0% manganese, between 0.05 and 0.50% silicon, less than 0.01% aluminum, niobium between 0.01 and about 0.20%, and between 0.01 and 0.075% nitrogen, and having a majority of the microstructure comprised of bainite and acicular ferrite, having more than 70% niobium in solid solution prior to nitriding and having yield strength between 650 MPa and 800 MPa and tensile strength between 750 MPa and 900 MPa.

The invention relates to a workpiece carrier device (1) for holding and moving workpieces (15), having: a workpiece carrier (2) for receiving workpieces (15), which is mounted on a main frame (4) so as to rotate about an axis (3); a drive part, which can likewise rotate about the axis (3) relative to the workpiece carrier (2); and multiple workpiece holders (5), which are arranged on the workpiece carrier (2) in a ring around the drive axis and are mounted on the workpiece carrier (2) so as to rotate about holder axes (6) which are spaced from the drive axis. The holder axes (6) run in such a way in relation to the axis (3) that the workpiece holders (5) form a conical crown arrangement (7). The invention further relates to a coating method using the workpiece carrier device (1) according to the invention and to workpieces or substrates (15) coated by means of the coating method (e.g, pins, pen injectors, balls, ball pins, pistons, nozzle needles etc.).