The present invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of core-shell nanoparticles, comprising a core of a core material, preferably of a semiconductor material, and a shell of a shell material, preferably of a semiconductor material, wherein selected starting materials for the shell material are mixed with a dispersion of nanoparticles of the core material and are passed continuously through a reaction zone of a tubular reactor, and other starting materials for the shell material are fed to the reaction zone of the tubular reactor at two or more locations, preferably via a tubular membrane, and the starting materials for the shell material react in the reaction zone to form a shell around the nanoparticles of the core material. The invention also relates to the tubular reactor with the membrane and its use for the continuous synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles. The invention also relates to core-shell nanoparticles comprising a core of a core material, preferably of a first semiconductor material, and an outer shell of a shell material, characterized in that, between core and shell, there is only a layer of a transition zone, in which the proportion of the core material gradually decreases toward the shell, while the proportion of the shell material gradually increases.

The present invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of core-shell nanoparticles, comprising a core of a core material, preferably of a semiconductor material, and a shell of a shell material, preferably of a semiconductor material, wherein selected starting materials for the shell material are mixed with a dispersion of nanoparticles of the core material and are passed continuously through a reaction zone of a tubular reactor, and other starting materials for the shell material are fed to the reaction zone of the tubular reactor at two or more locations, preferably via a tubular membrane, and the starting materials for the shell material react in the reaction zone to form a shell around the nanoparticles of the core material. The invention also relates to the tubular reactor with the membrane and its use for the continuous synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles. The invention also relates to core-shell nanoparticles comprising a core of a core material, preferably of a first semiconductor material, and an outer shell of a shell material, characterized in that, between core and shell, there is only a layer of a transition zone, in which the proportion of the core material gradually decreases toward the shell, while the proportion of the shell material gradually increases.

A clutch includes: a rotor that has a steel material as a base material and is rotated upon receiving a rotational drive force from a drive source; and an armature that has a steel material as a base material and receives the rotational drive force from the rotor when the armature is attracted to the rotor by a magnetic force. The armature has a contact surface side region that includes a contact surface, which contacts a counterpart when the armature is attracted to the rotor. The contact surface side region has a plurality of pores opened at the contact surface and forms a nitride compound of an element of the base material through nitridization of a part of the base material while the contact surface side region is harder than an unreacted portion of the base material that is not reacted at the nitridization.

A process of converting an outer layer of an object made of a refractory metal, such as titanium, into a carbide of the refractory metal. A molten metal, such as molten lithium, is placed adjacent the outer surface of the object. The lithium does not react with the titanium, nor is it soluble within the titanium to any significant extent at the temperatures involved. The molten lithium contains elemental carbon, that is, free carbon atoms. At high temperature, the carbon diffuses into the titanium, and reacts with titanium atoms to form titanium carbide in an outer layer. Significantly, no other atoms are present, such as hydrogen or oxygen, which can cause problems, because they are blocked by the molten lithium.

A process of converting an outer layer of an object made of a refractory metal, such as titanium, into a carbide of the refractory metal. A molten metal, such as molten lithium, is placed adjacent the outer surface of the object. The lithium does not react with the titanium, nor is it soluble within the titanium to any significant extent at the temperatures involved. The molten lithium contains elemental carbon, that is, free carbon atoms. At high temperature, the carbon diffuses into the titanium, and reacts with titanium atoms to form titanium carbide in an outer layer. Significantly, no other atoms are present, such as hydrogen or oxygen, which can cause problems, because they are blocked by the molten lithium.

The present disclosure relates to a method of incorporating lithium into a coating. One may supply a substrate having a coating containing aluminum ions and immersing the substrate including the coating containing aluminum ions in a water-soluble diketone including lithium for exchange where the ketone carbonyls are separated by at least one carbon atom. This may then be followed by exchanging a portion of the aluminum ions with lithium ions from the diketone solution. Such coatings may have improved chemical resistance.

The present disclosure relates to a method of incorporating lithium into a coating. One may supply a substrate having a coating containing aluminum ions and immersing the substrate including the coating containing aluminum ions in a water-soluble diketone including lithium for exchange where the ketone carbonyls are separated by at least one carbon atom. This may then be followed by exchanging a portion of the aluminum ions with lithium ions from the diketone solution. Such coatings may have improved chemical resistance.

According to an exemplary embodiment, a gas turbine element made of a hardened titanium alloy may be provided. The hardened titanium alloy may be made by a process which may include but may not be limited to, obtaining an element made of titanium alloy, treating a surface of the element made of titanium alloy with beryllium using diffusion process, and forming a titanium beryllide diffusion layer to a predetermined depth from the surface.

A process of converting an outer layer of an object made of a refractory metal, such as titanium, into a carbide of the refractory metal. A molten metal, such as molten lithium, is placed adjacent the outer surface of the object. The lithium does not react with the titanium, nor is it soluble within the titanium to any significant extent at the temperatures involved. The molten lithium contains elemental carbon, that is, free carbon atoms. At high temperature, the carbon diffuses into the titanium, and reacts with titanium atoms to form titanium carbide in an outer layer. Significantly, no other atoms are present, such as hydrogen or oxygen, which can cause problems, because they are blocked by the molten lithium.

A process of converting an outer layer of an object made of a refractory metal, such as titanium, into a carbide of the refractory metal. A molten metal, such as molten lithium, is placed adjacent the outer surface of the object. The lithium does not react with the titanium, nor is it soluble within the titanium to any significant extent at the temperatures involved. The molten lithium contains elemental carbon, that is, free carbon atoms. At high temperature, the carbon diffuses into the titanium, and reacts with titanium atoms to form titanium carbide in an outer layer. Significantly, no other atoms are present, such as hydrogen or oxygen, which can cause problems, because they are blocked by the molten lithium.