An electrolysis system of the present disclosure includes an electrolyzer which includes an electrode to generate a gas from the electrode, and a tightening device which controls a tightening load on the electrolyzer in accordance with a pressure of the gas.

An electrolysis system of the present disclosure includes an electrolyzer which includes an electrode to generate a gas from the electrode, and a tightening device which controls a tightening load on the electrolyzer in accordance with a pressure of the gas.

Herein discussed is an electrochemical reactor comprising a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase, wherein the reactor is capable of reforming a hydrocarbon electrochemically, wherein the electrochemical reforming reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane to oxidize the hydrocarbon. Further discussed herein is a method of producing hydrogen comprising providing an electrochemical (EC) reactor having a mixed-conducting membrane, introducing a first stream comprising a hydrocarbon to the reactor, introducing a second stream comprising water to the reactor, and reducing the water in the second stream to produce hydrogen, wherein the first stream and the second stream do not come in contact with each other in the reactor, and wherein the hydrocarbon is reformed electrochemically in the EC reactor.

Herein discussed is a hydrogen production system comprising a first reactor zone and a second reactor zone, wherein both reactor zones comprise an ionically conducting membrane, wherein the first zone is capable of reforming a hydrocarbon electrochemically and the second zone is capable of performing water gas shift reactions electrochemically, wherein the electrochemical reforming reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane to oxidize the hydrocarbon and wherein electrochemical water gas shift reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane and include forward water gas shift reactions, or reverse water gas shift reactions, or both. In an embodiment, the membrane is mixed conducting. In an embodiment, the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase.

Herein discussed is a hydrogen production system comprising a first reactor zone and a second reactor zone, wherein both reactor zones comprise an ionically conducting membrane, wherein the first zone is capable of reforming a hydrocarbon electrochemically and the second zone is capable of performing water gas shift reactions electrochemically, wherein the electrochemical reforming reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane to oxidize the hydrocarbon and wherein electrochemical water gas shift reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane and include forward water gas shift reactions, or reverse water gas shift reactions, or both. In an embodiment, the membrane is mixed conducting. In an embodiment, the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase.

A bioelectronic device houses therapeutic cells and is configured to be implanted in a host. The device includes an electrochemical cell that produces oxygen gas from water when a voltage is applied. The oxygen gas produced by the electrochemical cell is stored in a gas diffusion chamber in the device. The therapeutic cells in a cell housing chamber in the device receive oxygen gas from the gas diffusion chamber to help keep the cells alive and functioning when the device is implanted in a low oxygen environment. The device receives power wirelessly.

A bioelectronic device houses therapeutic cells and is configured to be implanted in a host. The device includes an electrochemical cell that produces oxygen gas from water when a voltage is applied. The oxygen gas produced by the electrochemical cell is stored in a gas diffusion chamber in the device. The therapeutic cells in a cell housing chamber in the device receive oxygen gas from the gas diffusion chamber to help keep the cells alive and functioning when the device is implanted in a low oxygen environment. The device receives power wirelessly.

Disclosed herein is an electrolyte comprising OH.sup.− and a hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst, an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst, a bifunctional hydrogen/oxygen evolution electrocatalyst, or any combination thereof for use in in situ deposition or utilization.

Disclosed herein is an electrolyte comprising OH.sup.− and a hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst, an oxygen evolution electrocatalyst, a bifunctional hydrogen/oxygen evolution electrocatalyst, or any combination thereof for use in in situ deposition or utilization.

A system for hydrogen recovery includes a dryer having an inlet that may be fluidly connected to a hydrogen outlet of a hydrogen generator, a hydrogen using device having an inlet fluidly connected to a dry hydrogen outlet of the dryer, and one or more conduits fluidly connecting a wet hydrogen outlet from the dryer and an impure hydrogen exhaust outlet of the hydrogen using device to the inlet of the dryer.