Disclosed herein are methods and systems that relate to oxidizing a metal ion of a metal oxyanion or a non-metal ion of a non-metal oxyanion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state at an anode and generate hydrogen gas at the cathode. The metal oxyanion with the metal ion in the higher oxidation state or the non-metal oxyanion with the non-metal ion in the higher oxidation state may be then subjected to a thermal reaction or a second electrochemical reaction, to form oxygen gas as well as to regenerate the metal oxyanion with the metal ion in the lower oxidation state or the non-metal oxyanion with the non-metal ion in the lower oxidation state, respectively.

A solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) system including a stack of electrolyzer cells configured to receive water or steam in combination with hydrogen, and a steam recycle outlet configured to recycle a portion of the water or steam

Techniques for fabricating a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) including sintering an electrolyte, printing a fuel-side electrode disposed on a fuel side of the electrolyte, printing an air-side electrode disposed on an air side of the electrolyte, first sintering a combination of the electrolyte, fuel-side electrode, and air-side electrode, printing a barrier layer an air side of the electrolyte, printing a functional layer on the barrier layer, printing a collector layer on the functional layer, and second sintering a combination of the electrolyte, fuel-side electrode, air-side electrode, barrier layer, functional layer, and collector layer.

Techniques for fabricating a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) including sintering an electrolyte, printing a fuel-side electrode disposed on a fuel side of the electrolyte, printing an air-side electrode disposed on an air side of the electrolyte, first sintering a combination of the electrolyte, fuel-side electrode, and air-side electrode, printing a barrier layer an air side of the electrolyte, printing a functional layer on the barrier layer, printing a collector layer on the functional layer, and second sintering a combination of the electrolyte, fuel-side electrode, air-side electrode, barrier layer, functional layer, and collector layer.

Provided is a water electrolysis cell capable of suppressing a deterioration in performance even when a microporous layer is provided. A water electrolysis cell includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, a catalyst layer, a microporous layer, and a gas diffusion layer. The microporous layer includes a carrier made of an oxide containing at least one element selected from Ti, Mn, Co, Mo, Ru, W, Nb, and Ta, and a conductive material supported on the carrier.

Provided is a water electrolysis cell capable of suppressing a deterioration in performance even when a microporous layer is provided. A water electrolysis cell includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, a catalyst layer, a microporous layer, and a gas diffusion layer. The microporous layer includes a carrier made of an oxide containing at least one element selected from Ti, Mn, Co, Mo, Ru, W, Nb, and Ta, and a conductive material supported on the carrier.

A cell for water electrolysis/fuel cell power generation which includes a flow path configured to supply or discharge water in a first direction substantially perpendicular to a stacking direction of the cell; an oxygen-containing gas flow path configured to discharge or supply an oxygen-containing gas in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cell; and a hydrogen-containing gas flow path configured to discharge or supply the hydrogen-containing gas in a third direction substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cell. Each of the oxygen-side electrode layer and the hydrogen-side electrode layer is an electrode layer having water repellency.

A cell for water electrolysis/fuel cell power generation which includes a flow path configured to supply or discharge water in a first direction substantially perpendicular to a stacking direction of the cell; an oxygen-containing gas flow path configured to discharge or supply an oxygen-containing gas in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cell; and a hydrogen-containing gas flow path configured to discharge or supply the hydrogen-containing gas in a third direction substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cell. Each of the oxygen-side electrode layer and the hydrogen-side electrode layer is an electrode layer having water repellency.

The invention relates to an Incineration apparatus, comprising a fluidized bed redox reactor (2) having—a reaction chamber (8) with particulate matter and—a fluidized bottom with at least one reducing agent inlet (9) for a gas to fluidize the particulate matter.

The present invention relates to a method for the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which converts a fructose-containing component using a catalytically active anolyte fraction, which has been produced by electrolysis of water, at a temperature of 90 to 200° C. and for obtaining an HMF-containing product mixture, wherein advantageously a high HMF selectivity is achieved with significantly lower by-product formation.