A chlorinator system for pools or spas is disclosed. The chlorinator system includes a replaceable chlorinator cell cartridge having built in sensors, switches, and custom connections. The chlorinator system includes a controller, a chlorinator, a replaceable cell cartridge, and compression fittings for connecting the chlorinator to piping of a pool or spa system. The cartridge includes a body, a bi-directional flow switch, a connector plug, a lid, a printed circuit board, which includes non-volatile memory, and electrically-charged plates or blades.

A method for producing fluorine gas including electrolyzing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell, measuring an intensity of sound generated near an anode in an inside of the electrolytic cell as the electrolyte is electrolyzed in the electrolyzing, and sending a fluid generated in the inside of the electrolytic cell in the electrolyzing the electrolyte, from the inside to the outside of the electrolytic cell through a flow path. The flow path is switched in accordance with the intensity of sound measured, such that the fluid is sent to a first flow path when the intensity of sound measured in the measuring an intensity of sound is not more than a predetermined reference value, or the fluid is sent to a second flow path when the intensity of sound measured in the measuring an intensity of sound is more than the predetermined reference value.

A method for producing fluorine gas including electrolyzing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell, measuring an intensity of sound generated near an anode in an inside of the electrolytic cell as the electrolyte is electrolyzed in the electrolyzing, and sending a fluid generated in the inside of the electrolytic cell in the electrolyzing the electrolyte, from the inside to the outside of the electrolytic cell through a flow path. The flow path is switched in accordance with the intensity of sound measured, such that the fluid is sent to a first flow path when the intensity of sound measured in the measuring an intensity of sound is not more than a predetermined reference value, or the fluid is sent to a second flow path when the intensity of sound measured in the measuring an intensity of sound is more than the predetermined reference value.

Disclosed are gas permeable 3D electrodes, preferably that have practical utility in, particularly, electro-energy and electro-synthetic applications. Gas permeable materials, such as non-conductive porous polymer membranes, are attached to one or more porous conductive materials. In another aspect there is provided a method for the fabrication of gas permeable 3D electrodes, for example gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The 3D electrodes can be utilized in electrochemical cells or devices.

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing diluted hydrofluoric acid using an electrode arrangement (1), which has an anode chamber (2) with an anode (4) and a cathode chamber (6) with a cathode (8), which are separated from one another by an anion exchange membrane (10), wherein in the methodpure water is guided through the anode chamber (2), pure water, which includes at least one electrolyte which forms fluoride ions (F), is guided through the cathode chamber (6), and an electrical voltage is applied between the anode (4) and the cathode (8) such that the fluoride ions (F) are moved through the anion exchange membrane (10) into the anode chamber (2), and an electrical current flows.

A gas diffusion electrode for an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, for example a fuel cell, including one or more gas permeable layers, a first conductive layer provided on a first side of the gas diffusion electrode, and a second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, provided on a second side of the gas diffusion electrode. The one or more gas permeable layers are positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, and the one or more gas permeable layers provide a gas channel. The one or more gas permeable layers are gas permeable and substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. The porous conductive material is gas permeable and liquid electrolyte permeable. The gas diffusion electrode can be one of a plurality of alternating anode/cathode sets

A method for producing fluorine gas including electrolyzing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell, measuring the average particle size of a mist contained in a fluid generated in the inside of the electrolytic cell in the electrolyzing the electrolyte, and sending the fluid from the inside to the outside of the electrolytic cell through a flow path. The flow path in which the fluid flows is switched in accordance with the average particle size of the mist measured in the measuring the average particle size, such that the fluid is sent to a first flow path when the average particle size of the mist measured in the measuring the average particle size is not more than a predetermined reference value, or the fluid is sent to a second flow path when the average particle size is more than the predetermined reference value.

A method for producing fluorine gas including electrolyzing an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell, measuring the average particle size of a mist contained in a fluid generated in the inside of the electrolytic cell in the electrolyzing the electrolyte, and sending the fluid from the inside to the outside of the electrolytic cell through a flow path. The flow path in which the fluid flows is switched in accordance with the average particle size of the mist measured in the measuring the average particle size, such that the fluid is sent to a first flow path when the average particle size of the mist measured in the measuring the average particle size is not more than a predetermined reference value, or the fluid is sent to a second flow path when the average particle size is more than the predetermined reference value.

Elemental fluorine is often manufactured electrochemically from a solution of KF in hydrogen fluoride (HF) and contains varying amounts of HF as impurity. The present disclosure relates to a method for chamber cleaning using F.sub.2 containing more than 0.1% by weight and equal to or less than 10% by weight of HF. Surprisingly, such an F.sub.2 is very well suited for the purpose of chamber cleaning.

A gas diffusion electrode for an electro-synthetic or electro-energy cell, for example a fuel cell, including one or more gas permeable layers, a first conductive layer provided on a first side of the gas diffusion electrode, and a second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, provided on a second side of the gas diffusion electrode. The one or more gas permeable layers are positioned between the first conductive layer and the second layer, which may be a second conductive layer, and the one or more gas permeable layers provide a gas channel. The one or more gas permeable layers are gas permeable and substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte. The porous conductive material is gas permeable and liquid electrolyte permeable. The gas diffusion electrode can be one of a plurality of alternating anode/cathode sets.