The current disclosure provides alternating current based systems and methods to develop chemical compounds, such as drug molecules using electrochemistry in organic synthesis.

The current disclosure provides alternating current based systems and methods to develop chemical compounds, such as drug molecules using electrochemistry in organic synthesis.

An electrochemical reactor system adapted for producing a chemical product from a reactant includes (a) separate electrochemical and production cells and (b) a charge carrier compound in a catholyte adapted to effectively decouple the charging of the charge carrier compound in the electrochemical cell with the electrochemical conversion of a reactant to a desired chemical product in the production cell.

An electrochemical reactor system adapted for producing a chemical product from a reactant includes (a) separate electrochemical and production cells and (b) a charge carrier compound in a catholyte adapted to effectively decouple the charging of the charge carrier compound in the electrochemical cell with the electrochemical conversion of a reactant to a desired chemical product in the production cell.

The present invention provides a method for producing a nitrogen-doped highly graphitic porous carbon body, and a nitrogen-doped highly graphitic porous carbon body produced according to the same. Also, the present invention provides a method for producing a sulfur and nitrogen double-doped highly graphitic porous carbon body, a sulfur and nitrogen double-doped highly graphitic porous carbon body produced according to the same, and an electrode catalyst for a fuel cell and/or a water electrolysis reaction comprising the carbon body.

A method of preparing metal hydroxides from industrial wastes or alkaline rocks is provided. The method comprise subjecting a mixture comprising a solvent and a solid substrate to a stimulus in order to leach a metal cation from the solid substrate into the solvent, thereby forming a solution comprising the metal cation in the solvent; and contacting the solution of comprising the metal cation with a cathode, thereby electrolytically precipitating the metal hydroxide from the solution. The stimulus may be chemical, mechanical, or both.

A method of producing methanol from methane in which hot-electrons generated under an external electric field in a process taking place in a multi-layer heterostructure comprising a nanoporous layer drive the conversion from methane to methanol. The structure generates hot electrons by providing spatial enhancement of the electric field, and purges hot holes which are created when hot electrons depart. This combination enhances heterogeneous catalysis of the conversion reaction.

A method of producing methanol from methane in which hot-electrons generated under an external electric field in a process taking place in a multi-layer heterostructure comprising a nanoporous layer drive the conversion from methane to methanol. The structure generates hot electrons by providing spatial enhancement of the electric field, and purges hot holes which are created when hot electrons depart. This combination enhances heterogeneous catalysis of the conversion reaction.

A device for removing ions from a flow of water includes a first electrode and a counter-electrode opposite the first electrode in the flow of water. The first electrode contains at least one material which is capable of intercalating one or both of Mg.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+ ions in the flow of water. The counter-electrode can include a material capable of binding to anions in the flow of water.

A device for removing ions from a flow of water includes a first electrode and a counter-electrode opposite the first electrode in the flow of water. The first electrode contains at least one material which is capable of intercalating one or both of Mg.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+ ions in the flow of water. The counter-electrode can include a material capable of binding to anions in the flow of water.