In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

Provided are methods of making aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., small molecules or polymers) having one or more amine groups and/or imine groups. A method of the present disclosure is an electrohydrogenation method, where a potential is applied to an aliphatic or aromatic compound (e.g., small molecule or polymer) having one or more nitrile groups, where after the potential is applied one or more of the nitrile groups are reduced to an amine or imine. The electrohydrogenation may be carried out using non-pulsed or pulsed potential waveforms.

Provided are methods of making aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., small molecules or polymers) having one or more amine groups and/or imine groups. A method of the present disclosure is an electrohydrogenation method, where a potential is applied to an aliphatic or aromatic compound (e.g., small molecule or polymer) having one or more nitrile groups, where after the potential is applied one or more of the nitrile groups are reduced to an amine or imine. The electrohydrogenation may be carried out using non-pulsed or pulsed potential waveforms.

The present disclosure relates to thin-walled carbon nanomaterial, such as thin-walled carbon nanotubes, and systems, methods and compositions for production thereof. The method for producing a thin walled carbon nanotube comprises heating a carbonate electrolyte to obtain a molten carbonate electrolyte; disposing the molten carbonate electrolyte between an anode and a cathode in a cell; applying an electrical current to the cathode and the anode in the cell; and, limiting a diameter of the carbon nanomaterial.

The present disclosure relates to thin-walled carbon nanomaterial, such as thin-walled carbon nanotubes, and systems, methods and compositions for production thereof. The method for producing a thin walled carbon nanotube comprises heating a carbonate electrolyte to obtain a molten carbonate electrolyte; disposing the molten carbonate electrolyte between an anode and a cathode in a cell; applying an electrical current to the cathode and the anode in the cell; and, limiting a diameter of the carbon nanomaterial.

A radiation-assisted (typically solar-assisted)electrolyzer cell and panel for high-efficiency hydrogen production comprises a photoelectrode and electrode pair, with said photoelectrode comprising either a photoanode electrically coupled to a cathode shared with an anode, or a photocathode electrically coupled to an anode shared with a cathode; electrolyte; gas separators; all within a container divided into two chambers by said shared cathode or shared anode, and at least a portion of which is transparent to the electromagnetic radiation required by said photoanode (or photocathode) to apply photovoltage to a shared cathode (or anode) that increases the electrolysis current and hydrogen production.

A radiation-assisted (typically solar-assisted)electrolyzer cell and panel for high-efficiency hydrogen production comprises a photoelectrode and electrode pair, with said photoelectrode comprising either a photoanode electrically coupled to a cathode shared with an anode, or a photocathode electrically coupled to an anode shared with a cathode; electrolyte; gas separators; all within a container divided into two chambers by said shared cathode or shared anode, and at least a portion of which is transparent to the electromagnetic radiation required by said photoanode (or photocathode) to apply photovoltage to a shared cathode (or anode) that increases the electrolysis current and hydrogen production.

A method for making an aqueous hypochlorous acid (HClO) solution includes electrolyzing a solution of sodium chloride to produce a solution of sodium hypochlorite; and producing the aqueous hypochlorous acid solution by adjusting a pH of the solution of sodium hypochlorite to a value within a range of 3 to 8 by adding a selected weak acid to the solution of sodium hypochlorite to produce a buffer including the selected weak acid and a salt of the selected weak acid.

A dissolvable engineered component fabricated using an aluminum-based nanogalvanic alloy and a method of manufacturing such a dissolvable engineered component.