A solid oxide electrochemical cell includes an oxygen electrode containing a strontium-containing perovskite-type composite oxide represented by Ln.sub.1-xSr.sub.xCo.sub.1-y-zFe.sub.yB.sub.zO.sub.3-δ (Ln is a trivalent lanthanide element, B is a tetravalent element, 0<x<1, 0≤y<1, 0<z<1, and 0<z+y<1, and δ is a value that is determined to satisfy charge neutrality conditions), a solid electrolyte containing zirconium oxide, a hydrogen electrode, and an interlayer containing a rare-earth-doped cerium oxide that is provided between the solid electrolyte and the oxygen electrode.

Perovskite structures are disclosed comprising: a first element X which may be barium and/or a lanthanide, strontium, iron, cobalt, oxygen, magnesium and tungsten; the structure comprising a region of single perovskite and a region of double perovskite. Also disclosed are methods for forming such structures, electrodes comprising such structures and solid oxide cells using such structures.

Perovskite structures are disclosed comprising: a first element X which may be barium and/or a lanthanide, strontium, iron, cobalt, oxygen, magnesium and tungsten; the structure comprising a region of single perovskite and a region of double perovskite. Also disclosed are methods for forming such structures, electrodes comprising such structures and solid oxide cells using such structures.

A method of carbon dioxide hydrogenation comprises introducing gaseous water to a positive electrode of an electrolysis cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10-2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 650° C. Carbon dioxide is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrolysis cell. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrolysis cell to generate hydrogen ions from the gaseous water that diffuses through the proton-conducting membrane and hydrogenates the carbon dioxide at the negative electrode. A carbon dioxide hydrogenation system is also described.

A glucose electrolysis apparatus for breaking down glucose and reducing osmolality of the blood includes a catheter having an anode located at a distal end of the catheter. A cathode is connected to the anode by a reduction wire located within the catheter. A mesh covers the anode to exclude molecules from the catheter. A power source is connected to the reduction wire to drive a reaction forward on the anode surface.

The present invention relates to the use of a composition of formula (I): Fe.sub.9-a-b-cNi.sub.aCo.sub.bM.sub.cS.sub.8-dSe.sub.d, wherein M stands for one or more elements having in the ionic state an effective ionic radius in the range of 70-92 pm, a is a number within the range of 2.5≤a≤3.5, more preferably 2.7≤a≤3.3, b is a number within the range of 1.5≤b≤5.0, more preferably 1.5≤b≤4.0, most preferably 2.5≤b≤3.5, c is a number within the range of 0.0≤c≤2.0, more preferably 0.0≤c≤1.0, d is a number within the range of 0.0≤d≤4.0, more preferably 0.0≤d≤1.0, wherein the sum of a, b and c is in the range of 5≤a+b+c≤8 and wherein ≥90 wt. % of the composition is in the pentlandite phase for electrocatalytic splitting of water, preferably for hydrogen evolution reaction.

The present invention relates to the use of a composition of formula (I): Fe.sub.9-a-b-cNi.sub.aCo.sub.bM.sub.cS.sub.8-dSe.sub.d, wherein M stands for one or more elements having in the ionic state an effective ionic radius in the range of 70-92 pm, a is a number within the range of 2.5≤a≤3.5, more preferably 2.7≤a≤3.3, b is a number within the range of 1.5≤b≤5.0, more preferably 1.5≤b≤4.0, most preferably 2.5≤b≤3.5, c is a number within the range of 0.0≤c≤2.0, more preferably 0.0≤c≤1.0, d is a number within the range of 0.0≤d≤4.0, more preferably 0.0≤d≤1.0, wherein the sum of a, b and c is in the range of 5≤a+b+c≤8 and wherein ≥90 wt. % of the composition is in the pentlandite phase for electrocatalytic splitting of water, preferably for hydrogen evolution reaction.

A method of producing hydrogen gas comprises introducing gaseous water to an electrolysis cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10.sup.−2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 650° C. The gaseous water is decomposed using the electrolysis cell. A hydrogen gas production system and an electrolysis cell are also described.

A method of producing hydrogen gas comprises introducing gaseous water to an electrolysis cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10.sup.−2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 650° C. The gaseous water is decomposed using the electrolysis cell. A hydrogen gas production system and an electrolysis cell are also described.

An electrochemical cell includes an electrolyte arranged between a hydrogen electrode and an oxygen electrode. The electrolyte contains a ceria-based material having a fluorite crystal structure and a stabilized zirconia-based material. The electrolyte may include a first electrolyte located on a side close to the hydrogen electrode and containing the ceria-based material. The electrolyte may further include a second electrolyte located on a side close to the oxygen electrode and containing the ceria-based material. The electrolyte may further include a third electrolyte located between the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte and containing the stabilized zirconia-based material.