The invention generally relates to sensors, methods of manufacture thereof, methods of use thereof for sensing analytes, such as small molecules and biomolecules, and methods of immobilization. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a multi-analyte sensor. The multi-analyte sensor includes a plurality of sensing electrodes. Each sensing electrode is functionalized with a different molecule (e.g., biomolecule), at least two of the sensing electrodes are spaced apart prior to and after functionalization by 100 m or less, and there is no cross-talk between the plurality of sensing electrodes.

A thermal barrier-coated Ni alloy component includes: a substrate made of a Ni alloy containing Al; an intermediate layer formed on a surface of the substrate; and a thermal barrier layer made of a ceramic and formed on a surface of the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a layer, which is formed from a -Ni.sub.3Al phase on the surface on the thermal barrier layer side, and contains Pt.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a porous filter for fine spraying and a porous filter manufactured by the method. A nickel-palladium alloy material porous filter manufactured according to the present invention exhibits excellent corrosion resistance and metal ion elution mitigating effects and can adjust the size of drug particles, thereby allowing a drug to arrive at the desired site. In addition, a plating liquid having a particular composition in the present invention allows the manufacture of a porous filter with a desired thickness by effectively lowering the stress of palladium (Pd), and thus, in a fine sprayer for treating a respiratory disease, a microporous filter, which is capable of delivering a drug to the vicinity of alveoli while effectively preventing the elution of metal elements due to a drug, apparatus vibration, and the like, and a fine sprayer, which uses the microporous filter, can be manufactured.

A coating structure includes a substrate, a first metal layer, a second alloy layer, a third metal layer, and a fourth alloy layer. The first metal layer is plated on an outside of the substrate and does not include graphite. The second alloy layer is plated on an outside of the first metal layer and is synthesized from graphite and metal. The third metal layer is plated on an outside of the second alloy layer and does not include graphite. The fourth alloy layer is plated on an outside of the third metal layer and is also synthesized from graphite and metal.

The invention generally relates to sensors, methods of manufacture thereof, methods of use thereof for sensing analytes, such as small molecules and biomolecules, and methods of immobilization. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a multi-analyte sensor. The multi-analyte sensor includes a plurality of sensing electrodes. Each sensing electrode is functionalized with a different molecule (e.g., biomolecule), at least two of the sensing electrodes are spaced apart prior to and after functionalization by 100 m or less, and there is no cross-talk between the plurality of sensing electrodes.

A method for preparing a palladium-gold alloy layer on a substrate by electrodepositing said coating surface with an aqueous electroplating solution comprising of an aqueous solution of a soluble palladium compound and a soluble gold complex, wherein the ratio of gold to palladium to in the solution is from 5 to 40 w/w %. Also taught is a substrate such as a vanadium or vanadium alloy gas separation membrane coated with a palladium-gold alloy layer.

A photovoltaic device, such as a solar cell, including a copper-containing-grid metallization structure that contains a metal phosphorus layer as a diffusion barrier is provided. The copper-containing-grid metallization structure includes, from bottom to top, an electroplated metal phosphorus layer that does not include copper or a copper alloy located within a grid pattern formed on a front side surface of a semiconductor substrate, and an electroplated copper-containing layer. A method of forming such a structure is also provided.

A photo-resist is applied in a pattern of vertical columns having the dimensions of holes or pores of the aperture plate to be produced. This mask pattern provides the apertures which define the aerosol particle size, having up to 2500 holes per square mm. There is electro-deposition of metal into the spaces around the columns. There is further application of a second photo-resist mask of much larger (wider and taller) columns, encompassing the area of a number of first columns. The hole diameter in the second plating layer is chosen according to a desired flow rate.

A method for decontamination of a toxic substance is disclosed. The method includes fabricating a plurality of nanomotors, and putting the plurality of nanomotors in contact with a contaminant solution comprising the toxic substance. Fabricating the plurality of nanomotors includes preparing a mesoporous silica template, forming the plurality of nanomotors within the mesoporous silica template, and separating the plurality of nanomotors from the mesoporous silica template. The mesoporous silica template includes a plurality of channels, where each channel of the plurality of channels have a diameter less than about 50 nm and a length of less than about 100 nm, and each nanomotor of the plurality of nanomotors is formed within a channel of the plurality of channels. Putting the plurality of nanomotors in contact with the contaminant solution includes adding hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2) and the plurality of nanomotors to the contaminant solution.

The present application discloses a photoelectrode and a preparation method therefor, and a Pt-based alloy catalyst and a preparation method therefor. The method for preparing the Pt-based nano-alloy catalyst includes: placing a photoelectrode in an electrolytic cell with at least one light-transmitting surface and including an electrolyte; using a light source to irradiate a surface of the photoelectrode from the light-transmitting surface of the electrolytic cell, where the photoelectrode includes an active metal layer, a passivation layer, a semiconductor light absorption layer, a rear conductive layer, and an insulating protective layer that are sequentially stacked along the light incident direction; based on an electrochemical workstation and light irradiation, using a Pt electrode and a reference electrode to match the photoelectrode to electrochemically treat the surface of the photoelectrode; and cleaning the electrochemically-treated photoelectrode to obtain the Pt-based nano-alloy catalyst and a photoelectrode modified by the Pt-based nano-alloy catalyst.