A rotor for polishing hollow tubes, in which an outer tube is slidable over an inner tube and is provided with at least one window in the wall. At the window on the inner tube, a plate vane is fixed at the base end to an auxiliary shaft arranged perpendicular to the main shaft so as to be able to rotationally move. A link bar is arranged in the main shaft direction to extend between the outer tube and the plate vane. The rotor is able to transition between an initial state (plate vane closed) and an operational state (plate vane open) by the inner tube moving relative to the outer tube. An electrode for electropolishing or a buff for mechanical polishing is fixed to the tip end of the plate vane. This allows for adjustment of the position of the plate vane and control of the polished state.

A bone implant for at least partial insertion into a bone and/or cartilage. The bone implant is at least partially formed of a metal alloy of at least about 90 wt % of a solid solution or a rhenium and molybdenum alloy.

A method of performing hybrid electrochemical and abrasive fluid polishing is provided. The method comprised disposing (202) a workpiece to be polished and a cathode in a flow of polishing fluid, wherein the polishing fluid comprises at least one electrolyte and at least one abrasive medium. The method further comprises connecting (204) the workpiece and the cathode to an electrical power supply. An apparatus (100) is also provided for hybrid electrochemical and abrasive fluid polishing. The apparatus comprises a vessel (102) comprising an inlet (103a) and an outlet (103b) to allow a flow of fluid through the vessel. The apparatus further comprises one or more mounts (104) configured to hold a workpiece (108) to be polished in the vessel between the inlet and the outlet. The apparatus also comprises one or more connectors (106) configured to connect the workpiece and a cathode (110) to an electrical power supply.

A conventional method to process a tip fails to designate the dimension of the shape of the end of the tip, and so fails to obtain a tip having any desired diameter. Impurities may be attached to the tip. Based on a correlation between the voltage applied or the time during processing of the end of the tip and the diameter of the tip end, the applied voltage is controlled so as to obtain a desired diameter of the tip end for processing of the tip. This allows a sharpened tip made of a tungsten monocrystal thin wire to be manufactured to have any desired diameter in the range of 0.1 ?m or more and 2.0 ?m or less.

A conventional method to process a tip fails to designate the dimension of the shape of the end of the tip, and so fails to obtain a tip having any desired diameter. Impurities may be attached to the tip. Based on a correlation between the voltage applied or the time during processing of the end of the tip and the diameter of the tip end, the applied voltage is controlled so as to obtain a desired diameter of the tip end for processing of the tip. This allows a sharpened tip made of a tungsten monocrystal thin wire to be manufactured to have any desired diameter in the range of 0.1 ?m or more and 2.0 ?m or less.

Methods for electropolishing and coating aluminum on a surface of an air and/or moisture sensitive substrate, including: in a vessel, submerging the substrate in a first molten salt bath and applying an anodizing current to the substrate at a first temperature to electropolish the surface of the substrate; wherein the first molten salt bath includes one of a first organic salt bath and first inorganic salt bath; wherein, when used, the first organic salt bath includes one of (a) aluminum halide and ionic liquid, (b) a combination of an aluminum halide and halogenatedmethylphenylsulfone (C.sub.6(H.sub.5-y, X.sub.y)SO.sub.2CX.sub.3, where y is a number from 0-5), (c) a combination of an aluminum halide, an ionic liquid, and halogenatedmethylphenylsulfone (C.sub.6(H.sub.5-y, X.sub.y)SO.sub.2CX.sub.3), and (d) AlF.sub.3-organofluoride-hydrofluoric acid adduct; wherein, when used, the first inorganic salt bath includes aluminum halide and alkali metal halide; and wherein the anodizing current is 10-30 mA/cm.sup.2.

Methods for electropolishing and coating aluminum on a surface of an air and/or moisture sensitive substrate, including: in a vessel, submerging the substrate in a first molten salt bath and applying an anodizing current to the substrate at a first temperature to electropolish the surface of the substrate; wherein the first molten salt bath includes one of a first organic salt bath and first inorganic salt bath; wherein, when used, the first organic salt bath includes one of (a) aluminum halide and ionic liquid, (b) a combination of an aluminum halide and halogenatedmethylphenylsulfone (C.sub.6(H.sub.5-y, X.sub.y)SO.sub.2CX.sub.3, where y is a number from 0-5), (c) a combination of an aluminum halide, an ionic liquid, and halogenatedmethylphenylsulfone (C.sub.6(H.sub.5-y, X.sub.y)SO.sub.2CX.sub.3), and (d) AlF.sub.3-organofluoride-hydrofluoric acid adduct; wherein, when used, the first inorganic salt bath includes aluminum halide and alkali metal halide; and wherein the anodizing current is 10-30 mA/cm.sup.2.

A method and system for electrochemically machining a hollow body of a metal or a metal alloy. An electrode is positioned within a hollow body including a metal or metal alloy, where the hollow body has a variable internal diameter. The hollow body is oriented vertically, with the electrode oriented vertically therein. The hollow body is at least partially filled with an aqueous, acidic electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution being devoid of hydrofluoric acid and having a viscosity less than 15 cP. An electric current is passed between the hollow body and the electrode, where the electric current includes a plurality of anodic pulses and a plurality of cathodic pulses, and where the cathodic pulses are interposed between at least some of the anodic pulses.

A method and system for electrochemically machining a hollow body of a metal or a metal alloy. An electrode is positioned within a hollow body including a metal or metal alloy, where the hollow body has a variable internal diameter. The hollow body is oriented vertically, with the electrode oriented vertically therein. The hollow body is at least partially filled with an aqueous, acidic electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution being devoid of hydrofluoric acid and having a viscosity less than 15 cP. An electric current is passed between the hollow body and the electrode, where the electric current includes a plurality of anodic pulses and a plurality of cathodic pulses, and where the cathodic pulses are interposed between at least some of the anodic pulses.

A method and system for electrochemically machining a hollow body of a metal or a metal alloy. An electrode is positioned within a hollow body including a metal or metal alloy, where the hollow body has a variable internal diameter. The hollow body is oriented vertically, with the electrode oriented vertically therein. The hollow body is at least partially filled with an aqueous, acidic electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution being devoid of hydrofluoric acid and having a viscosity less than 15 cP. An electric current is passed between the hollow body and the electrode, where the electric current includes a plurality of anodic pulses and a plurality of cathodic pulses, and where the cathodic pulses are interposed between at least some of the anodic pulses.