A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

A lasing medium having a tailored dopant concentration and a method of fabrication thereof is disclosed. The lasing medium has a single crystal having a continuous body having a selected length, wherein the crystal comprises dopant distributed along the length of the body to define a dopant concentration profile. In one embodiment, the dopant concentration profile results in a uniform heating profile. A method of fabricating a laser crystal having a tailored dopant concentration profile includes arranging a plurality of polycrystalline segments together to form an ingot, the polycrystalline segments each having dopant distributed, providing a crystal seed at a first end of the ingot, and moving a heating element along the ingot starting from the first end to a second end of the ingot, the moving heating element creating a moving molten region within the ingot while passing therealong.

The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a monocrystalline graphene layer, comprising the steps of: forming polycrystalline graphene on a substrate by using a hydrocarbon gas to grow a graphene layer aligned on a wafer-scale insulator substrate in one direction like a monocrystal; forming a catalyst on the polycrystalline graphene; and recrystallizing the polycrystalline graphene to monocrystalline graphene by heat-treating the polycrystalline graphene and the catalyst.

The present invention provides a method for manufacturing a monocrystalline graphene layer, comprising the steps of: forming polycrystalline graphene on a substrate by using a hydrocarbon gas to grow a graphene layer aligned on a wafer-scale insulator substrate in one direction like a monocrystal; forming a catalyst on the polycrystalline graphene; and recrystallizing the polycrystalline graphene to monocrystalline graphene by heat-treating the polycrystalline graphene and the catalyst.

Provided is a two-dimensional large-area growth method for a chalcogen compound, the method including: depositing a film of a transition metal element or a Group V element on a substrate; thereafter, uniformly diffusing a vaporized chalcogen element, a vaporized chalcogen precursor compound or a chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2+ within the film; and, thereafter, forming a film of a chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2 by forming the chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2 through post-heating.

Provided is a two-dimensional large-area growth method for a chalcogen compound, the method including: depositing a film of a transition metal element or a Group V element on a substrate; thereafter, uniformly diffusing a vaporized chalcogen element, a vaporized chalcogen precursor compound or a chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2+ within the film; and, thereafter, forming a film of a chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2 by forming the chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2 through post-heating.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

A polarizing apparatus includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator to irradiate a target film with an electromagnetic wave to heat the target film; and an electric charge generator to apply an electric field to the target film.

Provided is a two-dimensional large-area growth method for a chalcogen compound, the method including: depositing a film of a transition metal element or a Group V element on a substrate; thereafter, uniformly diffusing a vaporized chalcogen element, a vaporized chalcogen precursor compound or a chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2+ within the film; and, thereafter, forming a film of a chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2 by forming the chalcogen compound represented by MX.sub.2 through post-heating.