A method of producing liquid fuel and/or chemicals from a carbonaceous material entails combusting a conditioned syngas in pulse combustion heat exchangers of a steam reformer to help convert carbonaceous material into first reactor product gas which includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. A portion of the first reactor product gas is transferred to a hydrogen reformer into which additional conditioned syngas is added and a reaction carried out to produce an improved syngas. The improved syngas is then subject to one or more gas clean-up steps to form a new conditioned syngas. A portion of the new conditioned syngas is recycled to be used as the conditioned syngas in the pulse combustion heat exchangers and in the hydrocarbon reformer. A system for carrying out the method include, a steam reformer, a hydrocarbon reformer, first and second gas-cleanup systems, a synthesis system and an upgrading system.

A feed gas reforming system is provided. The system includes a reformer configured to receive feed gas and supply water and to produce and discharge mixed gas including hydrogen, a pressure swing absorber (PSA) configured to receive the mixed gas and to refine and discharge hydrogen gas, a feed gas supply unit configured to control the supply amount of feed gas, a supply water supply unit configured to control the supply amount of supply water, a hydrogen gas supply unit configured to control the amount of hydrogen gas, and a control unit configured to control the flow rate of hydrogen gas, to control the feed gas supply unit based on the pressure of the discharged hydrogen gas, and to control the supply water supply unit based on the flow rate of feed gas.

A mixing apparatus for producing a feedstock for a reformer, the mixing apparatus including at least one mixing vessel comprising a cylindrical vessel with a conical bottom; a steam inlet configured for introducing steam into the conical bottom; a carbonaceous material inlet configured for introducing a carbonaceous feed into the cylindrical vessel; and an outlet for a reformer feedstock comprising at least 0.3 pounds of steam per pound of carbonaceous material, with the at least one mixing vessel configured for operation at a pressure of greater than about 10 psig.

A mixing apparatus for producing a feedstock for a reformer, the mixing apparatus including at least one mixing vessel comprising a cylindrical vessel with a conical bottom; a steam inlet configured for introducing steam into the conical bottom; a carbonaceous material inlet configured for introducing a carbonaceous feed into the cylindrical vessel; and an outlet for a reformer feedstock comprising at least 0.3 pounds of steam per pound of carbonaceous material, with the at least one mixing vessel configured for operation at a pressure of greater than about 10 psig.

A method for Carbon Dioxide (CO.sub.2) production comprising producing super-heated steam, utilizing a small modular nuclear reactor power plant system, receiving Sodium Formate (HCOONa) into a first reaction chamber, the first reaction chamber receiving a first portion of the super-heated steam at a first temperature, decomposing the Sodium Formate (HCOONa) into Sodium Oxalate ((COO).sub.2Na.sub.2) and Hydrogen (H.sub.2), receiving the Sodium Oxalate ((COO).sub.2Na.sub.2) into a second reaction chamber, the second reaction chamber receiving a second portion of the super-heated steam at a second temperature, decomposing the Sodium Oxalate ((COO).sub.2Na.sub.2) into Sodium Oxide (Na.sub.2O), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO.sub.2).

An integrated energy system comprising a power plant including at least one nuclear reactor and an electrical power generation system a syngas generation system operably coupled to the power plant, the syngas generation system comprising a first reaction chamber configured to receive Sodium Formate (HCOONa), and a second reaction chamber configured to receive Sodium Oxalate ((COO).sub.2Na.sub.2), and a methanol generation system operably coupled to the syngas generation system.

An integrated energy system comprising a power plant configured to generate steam. The power plant can include a nuclear reactor and/or an electrical power generation system. A chemical products generation system can include a first reaction chamber receiving Sodium Formate (HCOONa) that, via insertion of a first portion of the steam at a first temperature, is decomposed into Sodium Oxalate ((COO).sub.2Na.sub.2) and Hydrogen (H.sub.2), the steam including super-heated steam. The chemical products generation system can include a second reaction chamber receiving the Sodium Oxalate ((COO).sub.2Na.sub.2) that, via insertion of a second portion of the steam at a second temperature, is decomposed into Sodium Oxide (Na.sub.2O), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO.sub.2). A syngas generation system can be operably coupled to the chemical products generation system and configured to generate a combination of the Hydrogen (H2), the Carbon Monoxide (CO), and/or the Carbon Dioxide (CO.sub.2), and/or to generate syngas.

Process and plant for producing a syngas and a hydrogen product from a hydrocarbon feed and improved carbon capture are provided, said process comprising the steps of: reforming a hydrocarbon feed by pre-reforming and autothermal reforming (ATR), thereby obtaining a syngas; shifting said syngas in a shift section; and wherein a portion of the shifted synthesis gas is recycled to the process, suitably to pre-reforming. No fired heater for preheating of hydrocarbon feed or for preheating of pre-reformed hydrocarbon feed is required.

A method for producing hydrogen product having a low carbon intensity is provided. The method includes the steps of: (a) converting a hydrocarbon feedstock to a hydrogen product using a hydrocarbon reforming process; (b) providing at least some of the required energy for the hydrogen production process from a biomass power plant; and (c) processing one or more flue gas streams from the biomass power plant in a carbon capture unit to reduce CO.sub.2e emissions. The hydrogen product has a carbon intensity preferably less than about 1.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, more preferably less than 0.45 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2, and most preferably less than 0.0 kg CO.sub.2e/kg H.sub.2.

A system for using carbonaceous material includes a steam reformer, a hydrocarbon reformer, and at least one gas-cleanup system. Also described are methods of producing liquid fuel and/or chemicals from carbonaceous material.