According to the present invention, organic material is converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion and the biogas is purified to yield a combustible fluid feedstock comprising methane. A fuel production facility utilizes or arranges to utilize combustible fluid feedstock to generate renewable hydrogen that is used to hydrogenate crude oil derived hydrocarbons in a process to make transportation or heating fuel. The renewable hydrogen is combined with crude oil derived hydrocarbons that have been desulfurized under conditions to hydrogenate the liquid hydrocarbon with the renewable hydrogen or alternatively, the renewable hydrogen can be added to a reactor operated so as to simultaneously desulfurize and hydrogenate the hydrocarbons. The present invention enables a party to receive a renewable fuel credit for the transportation or heating fuel.

An ammonia production plant includes an ammonia synthesis facility; a synthesis gas generating facility which generates a synthesis gas for synthesizing ammonia from the carbon-based raw material; and a power generating facility which obtains power. The synthesis gas generating facility includes an exhaust heat recovery unit which recovers exhaust heat. The power generating facility includes a combustion device which burns oxygen and fuel and a gas turbine which is driven by using a combustion gas containing a CO.sub.2 gas obtained by the combustion device as power so as to generate power and is configured to supply the CO.sub.2 gas discharged from the gas turbine as a recycle gas to the combustion device. The power obtained by the power generating facility powers the ammonia synthesis facility. The exhaust heat recovered by the exhaust heat recovery unit is used to heat the recycle gas.

Presented are processes for the beneficial conversion of CO.sub.2 and other environmentally destructive compounds to their constituent parts by the application of thermal plasma containing activated species whereby the interaction of the plasma with the compounds and reactions of CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 generate more environmentally friendly compounds comprising in part oxygen and hydrogen. The thermal plasma may be vibro-shear plasma generated by the superheating of either steam, gas or a combination of both.

An ammonia production plant and an ammonia production method having high energy saving and environmental friendliness are provided.

An ammonia production plant of the invention is an ammonia production plant for producing ammonia from a carbon-based raw material, including: an ammonia synthesis facility which synthesizes ammonia; a synthesis gas generating facility which generates a synthesis gas for synthesizing ammonia from the carbon-based raw material; and a power generating facility which obtains power, in which the synthesis gas generating facility includes an exhaust heat recovery unit which recovers exhaust heat generated when generating the synthesis gas, in which the power generating facility includes a combustion device which burns oxygen and fuel and a gas turbine which is driven by using a combustion gas containing a CO.sub.2 gas obtained by the combustion device as power so as to generate power and is configured to supply the CO.sub.2 gas discharged from the gas turbine as a recycle gas to the combustion device, in which the power obtained by the power generating facility is used as at least power of the ammonia synthesis facility, and in which the exhaust heat recovered by the exhaust heat recovery unit is used to heat the recycle gas.

This invention relates to a power recovery process in waste steam/CO.sub.2 reformers in which a waste stream can be made to release energy without having to burn the waste or the syngas. This invention in some embodiments does not make use of fuel cells as a component but makes use of exothermic chemical reactors using syngas to produce heat, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It also relates to control or elimination of the emissions of greenhouse gases in the power recovery process of this invention with the goal of producing energy in the future carbonless world economy.

This invention relates to a power recovery process in waste steam/CO.sub.2 reformers in which a waste stream can be made to release energy without having to burn the waste or the syngas. This invention in some embodiments does not make use of fuel cells as a component but makes use of exothermic chemical reactors using syngas to produce heat, such as Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It also relates to control or elimination of the emissions of greenhouse gases in the power recovery process of this invention with the goal of producing energy in the future carbonless world economy.

The invention provides a system and method for conversion of raw syngas and tars into refined syngas, while optionally minimizing the parasitic losses of the process and maximizing the usable energy density of the product syngas. The system includes a reactor including a refining chamber for refining syngas comprising one or more inlets configured to promote at least two flow zones: a central zone where syngas and air/process additives flow in a swirling pattern for mixing and combustion in the high temperature central zone; at least one peripheral zone within the reactor which forms a boundary layer of a buffering flow along the reactor walls, (b) plasma torches that inject plasma into the central zone, and (c) air injection patterns that create a recirculation zone to promotes mixing between the high temperature products at the core reaction zone of the vessel and the buffering layer, wherein in the central zone, syngas and air/process additives mixture are ignited in close proximity to the plasma arc, coming into contact with each other, concurrently, at the entrance to the reaction chamber and method of using the system.

The method for recycling carbon dioxide according to the present invention includes: injecting a reaction gas containing carbon dioxide and a carbon raw material into a rotary heating furnace; reacting the reaction gas and the carbon raw material with each other in the rotary heating furnace to generate a hydrocarbon precursor containing carbon monoxide; and converting the hydrocarbon precursor into a hydrocarbon compound, thereby exhibiting excellent conversion rate of carbon dioxide.

This disclosure describes systems and methods for using pyrolysis tail gas as the source for additional hydrogen to be used in the pyrolysis reaction. Tail gas is separated from the pyrolysis products and a portion of the tail gas is converted into formic acid (HCOOH). The formic acid is then injected into the pyrolysis reactor where it becomes the donor of two monohydrogen atoms and is ultimately converted into CO.sub.2 under reaction conditions. In this fashion, a closed loop pyrolysis hydrogen donor system may be created utilizing a generally non-toxic intermediary derived from the pyrolysis reaction products. This disclosure also describes using a ruthenium catalyst supported on particles of activated carbon to improve the yield of pyrolysis reactions.

According to the present invention, organic material is converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion and the biogas is purified to yield a combustible fluid feedstock comprising methane. A fuel production facility utilizes or arranges to utilize combustible fluid feedstock to generate renewable hydrogen that is used to hydrogenate crude oil derived hydrocarbons in a process to make transportation or heating fuel. The renewable hydrogen is combined with crude oil derived hydrocarbons that have been desulfurized under conditions to hydrogenate the liquid hydrocarbon with the renewable hydrogen or alternatively, the renewable hydrogen can be added to a reactor operated so as to simultaneously desulfurize and hydrogenate the hydrocarbons. The present invention enables a party to receive a renewable fuel credit for the transportation or heating fuel.