The present invention concerns an ammonia production method comprising the steps of: providing at least one rare earth nitride material or layer in a chamber; creating a vacuum or an inert atmosphere in the chamber; and providing hydrogen H.sub.2 to react with nitrogen N released at an external surface of the at least one rare earth nitride material or layer to produce ammonia.

A composition for catalysis of a Haber-Bosch process comprises an anion vacant lattice and a Haber-Bosch catalyst (e.g. Fe Ru). Suitable anion vacant lattices include oxynitrides and oxides, which may be doped or undoped, including Ce.sub.aM.sub.bO.sub.2-XN.sub.Y (Formula III) M is one or more elements with a valence lower than +4. “a” and “b” are independently in the range 0.05 to 0.95, with the proviso that “a” and “b” together sum to 1 (approximately). X is greater than 0 and less than 2. Y is greater than zero and less than or equal to X. A process employing the composition produces ammonia.

Chemical processors are configured to reduce mass, work in conjunction with solar concentrators, and/or house porous inserts in microchannel or mesochannel devices made by additive manufacturing. Methods of making chemical processors containing porous inserts by additive manufacturing are also disclosed.

In one aspect, the disclosure relates to relates to heterogeneous catalysts useful for the synthesis of ammonia under microwave irradiation, processes for preparing the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts, and processes for synthesizing ammonia using the heterogeneous catalysts with microwave irradiation. In various aspects, the disclosed heterogeneous catalysts comprise: a metal selected from Group 7, Group 8, Group 9, Group 10, Group 11, or combinations thereof; a metal oxide support; and optionally a promoter material. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

A production system for a product selected from a nitrogen-containing product and a fermented and cultured product that does not involve (or can minimize) the transport of liquid ammonia can include: an ammonia synthesis apparatus in which an ammonia-containing gas is synthesized by reaction of a source gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the presence of a supported metal catalyst containing as a support one or more selected from the group consisting of: i) a conductive mayenite compound; ii) a two-dimensional electride compound or a precursor thereof; and iii) a complex formed of a support base containing at least one metal oxide selected from ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, CeO.sub.2, and MgO and a metal amide represented by a formula M(NH.sub.2).sub.x (where M represents one or more selected from Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Eu; and x represents a valence number of M) supported by the support base.

The present invention relates to catalysts, methods of making catalysts, and methods of using catalysts, where the catalysts include: at least one of a transition metal and a transition metal oxide supported by yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), where the transition metal is promoted by at least one of an alkali metal and an alkaline-earth metal.

Compositions comprising a first metal component and a second metal component wherein the molar ratio of the first metal component to the second metal component is in the range of 1:9 to 9:1, respectively, and wherein a surface of the second metal component is coated with the first metal component, is disclosed. Uses the compositions as catalysts are further disclosed. Electrochemical cells containing the compositions are further disclosed. A process of synthesizing ammonia using the compositions is further disclosed.

Provided is a method for manufacturing a catalyst with which it is possible to obtain a supported metal ammonia synthesis catalyst, in which there are restrictions in terms of producing method and producing facility, and particularly large restrictions for industrial-scale producing, in a more simple manner and so that the obtained catalyst has a high activity. This method for manufacturing an ammonia synthesis catalyst includes: a first step for preparing 12CaO.7Al.sub.2O.sub.3 having a specific surface area of 5 m.sup.2/g or above; a second step for supporting a ruthenium compound on the 12CaO.7Al.sub.2O.sub.3; and a third step for performing a reduction process on the 12CaO.7Al.sub.2O.sub.3 supporting the ruthenium compound, obtained in the second step. This invention is characterized in that the reduction process is performed until the average particle diameter of the ruthenium after the reduction process has increased by at least 15% in relation to the average particle diameter of the ruthenium before the reduction process.

The present disclosure provides methods of making confined nanocatalysts within mesoporous materials (MPMs). The methods utilize solid state growth of nanocrystalline metal organic frameworks (MOFs) followed by controlled transformation to generate nanocatalysts in situ within the mesoporous material. The disclosure also provides applications of the nanocatalysts to a wide variety of fields including, but not limited to, liquid organic hydrogen carriers, synthetic liquid fuel preparation, and nitrogen fixation.

The present invention is to provide an electron or hydride ion intake/release material comprising a lanthanoid oxyhydride represented by the formula Ln(HO) (in the formula, Ln represents a lanthanoid element) or an electron or hydride ion intake/release composition comprising at least one kind of lanthanoid oxyhydride; a transition metal-supported material wherein a transition metal is supported by the above electron or hydride ion intake/release material or electron or hydride ion intake/release composition; and a catalyst comprising the transition metal-supported material. The electron or hydride ion intake/release material or electron or hydride ion intake/release composition according to the present invention has a higher ability for intake/release of electron or hydride ion than that of a conventional hydride-containing compound, and can be used effectively as a catalyst such as a catalyst having excellent ammonia synthesis activity by supporting a transition metal thereon.