Various embodiments relate to separation of terbium(III,IV) oxide. In various embodiments, present invention provides a method of separating terbium(III,IV) oxide from a composition. The method can include contacting a composition including terbium(III,IV) oxide and one or more other trivalent rare earth oxides with a liquid including acetic acid to form a mixture. The contacting can be effective to dissolve at least some of the one or more other trivalent rare earth oxides into the liquid. The method can include separating undissolved terbium(III,IV) oxide from the mixture, to provide separated terbium(III,IV) oxide.

There is provided a method of producing LLZO having a cubic crystal phase. The method comprises providing an aqueous phase comprising zirconium (Zr) and lanthanum (La). The aqueous phase has a pH of between 7 and 14. An intermediate is formed, the intermediate comprising crystalline La(OH).sub.3 and amorphous Zr hydroxide from the Zr and the La in the aqueous phase. The intermediate is washed and recovered to obtain a washed intermediate. The washed intermediate is heat treated with a Li precursor at a temperature of from 400 to 850? C. to obtain the LLZO.

A ceria-zirconia-based composite oxide which has a crystal phase of the composite oxide of a single solid-solution phase even after exposure to a high temperature over a long time and has a small change in mode pore diameter and in pore volume before and after a high temperature durability test is provided. This is realized by a ceria-zirconia-based composite oxide having a chemical composition, by mass ratio, of zirconia: 30% to 80%, a total of oxides of one or more elements selected from yttrium and rare earth elements having atomic number 57 to 71 (except cerium and promethium): 0% to 20%, and a balance of ceria and unavoidable impurities, in which ceria-zirconia-based composite oxide, the composite oxide is deemed to be a single solid-solution phase in an X-ray diffraction pattern after a durability test which heats the oxide in the atmosphere at a temperature condition of 1100 C. for 5 hours and has a ratio (b/a) of mode pore diameter (b) of a pore distribution after a durability test which heats the oxide in the atmosphere at a temperature condition of 1100 C. for 5 hours to the mode pore diameter (a) before the durability test of 1.0b/a2.0 and/or has a ratio (d/c) of pore volume (d) after a durability test which heats the oxide in the atmosphere at a temperature condition of 1100 C. for 5 hours to the pore volume (c) before the durability test of 0.20d/c1.00.

A method for obtaining rare earth element compositions may include providing a dispersed aqueous suspension of a particulate material including at least one rare earth element compound and kaolinite. The method may further include adding to the suspension a selective flocculation polymer that facilitates separation of at least a portion of the at least one rare earth element compound from the kaolinite by flocculating the kaolinite and allowing particles of the rare earth element compound to be or remain deflocculated. The method may also include allowing the suspension containing the polymer to separate in a selective flocculation separator into layers including a flocculated product layer and a deflocculated layer containing the portion of the at least one rare earth element compound. The method may further include extracting each of the separated layers from the separator. The rare earth element compound may include La.sub.2O.sub.3, CeO.sub.2, Nd.sub.2O.sub.3, or Y.sub.2O.sub.3.

Processes and systems for carbon ion implantation include utilizing phosphorous trifluoride (PF.sub.3) as a co-gas with carbon oxide gas, and in some embodiments, in combination with the lanthanated tungsten alloy ion source components advantageously results in minimal oxidation of the cathode and cathode shield. Moreover, acceptable levels of carbon deposits on the arc chamber internal components have been observed as well as marked reductions in the halogen cycle, i.e., WF.sub.x formation.

An anticorrosive pigment comprising an aluminum polyphosphate comprises at least one cerium-based compound and/or one lanthanum-based compound and/or one praseodymium-based compound. An anticorrosive paint incorporating the pigment is also provided.

Nanowires useful as heterogeneous catalysts are provided. The nanowire catalysts are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Nanowires useful as heterogeneous catalysts are provided. The nanowire catalysts are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

There is provided a lithium-iron-manganese-based composite oxide capable of providing a lithium-ion secondary battery which has a high capacity retention rate in charge/discharge cycles and in which the generation of a gas caused by charge/discharge cycles is suppressed. A lithium-iron-manganese-based composite oxide having a layered rock-salt structure, wherein at least a part of the surface of a lithium-iron-manganese-based composite oxide represented by the following formula is coated with an oxide of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of La, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu:

Li.sub.xM.sup.1.sub.(y-p)Mn.sub.pM.sup.2.sub.(z-q)Fe.sub.qO.sub.(2-) wherein 1.05x1.32, 0.33y0.63, 0.06z0.50, 0<p0.63, 0.06q0.50, 00.80, yp, and zq; M.sup.1 is at least one element selected from Ti and Zr; and M.sup.2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni and Mn.

A gas sensor capable of detecting carbon dioxide and having high stability is provided. A carbon dioxide gas sensor comprising an insulating substrate 3 and a gas sensing layer 1 formed on one major surface of the insulating substrate 3 via electrodes 2, wherein the gas sensing layer 1 comprises: (a) one or more rare earth metal oxycarbonates represented by Ln.sub.2O.sub.2CO.sub.3, Ln being at least one rare earth metal element selected from Sc, Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Pr, Yb and Lu, the rare earth metal oxycarbonate containing a hexagonal rare earth metal oxycarbonate as a main component; or (b) monoclinic samarium dioxycarbonate,
a production method of the gas sensor, and a method of selectively producing crystal polymorphism of lanthanum dioxycarbonate represented by La.sub.2O.sub.2CO.sub.3 are provided.