A positive electrode active material includes a lithium transition metal oxide, which is in the form of a secondary particle formed by aggregation of primary particles and is represented by Formula 1, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide has a crystalline size of 160 nm or less and an average particle diameter of the primary particle of 0.6 μm or more. A preparation method thereof is also provided.

A positive electrode active material precursor for a secondary battery is in the form of a secondary particle in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, wherein major axes of the primary particles are arranged in a direction from a center of the secondary particle toward a surface thereof, wherein the primary particle includes crystallines in which a (001) plane is arranged in a direction having an angle of 20° to 160° with respect to a major axis direction of the primary particle. A method of preparing the positive electrode active material precursor is also provided.

Provided are a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of preparing the positive active material, a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery including the positive active material, and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the positive active material, in which the positive active material may include a nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particle including a plurality of large primary particles, the nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particle may have a hollow structure having a pore inside, a size of each of the large primary particles may be in a range of about 2 micrometers (μm) to about 6 μm, and a size of the nickel-based lithium metal oxide secondary particle may be in a range of about 10 μm to about 18 μm.

Provided are a cathode active material having a suitable particle size and high uniformity, and a nickel composite hydroxide as a precursor of the cathode active material. When obtaining nickel composite hydroxide by a crystallization reaction, nucleation is performed by controlling a nucleation aqueous solution that includes a metal compound, which includes nickel, and an ammonium ion donor so that the pH value at a standard solution temperature of 25° C. becomes 12.0 to 14.0, after which, particles are grown by controlling a particle growth aqueous solution that includes the formed nuclei so that the pH value at a standard solution temperature of 25° C. becomes 10.5 to 12.0, and so that the pH value is lower than the pH value during nucleation. The crystallization reaction is performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at least in a range after the processing time exceeds at least 40% of the total time of the particle growth process from the start of the particle growth process where the oxygen concentration is 1 volume % or less, and with controlling an agitation power requirement per unit volume into a range of 0.5 kW/m.sup.3 to 4 kW/m.sup.3 at least during the nucleation process.

A process for the recovery of lithium from waste lithium ion batteries or parts thereof is disclosed. The process comprising the steps of A) providing a crude lithium hydroxide as a solid, which contains fluoride; and (B) dissolving the crude lithium hydroxide solid with a lower alcohol such as methanol or ethanol provides good separation of lithium in high purity.

The present disclosure relates to a positive electrode active material, a method of manufacturing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the same. The positive electrode active material includes: a lithium transition metal oxide particle in which a portion of Li is substituted with Na, and which includes Ni and Co atoms; and a phosphorus-containing coating layer disposed on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide particle, wherein the lithium transition metal oxide particle includes a concentration gradient region in which the concentration of Co atoms decreases from the surface toward the center of the particle.

This application discloses a positive electrode active material and a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode plate, a lithium-ion secondary battery, and a battery module, battery pack, and apparatus containing such lithium-ion secondary battery. The positive electrode active material includes bulk particles and an element M.sup.1-containing oxide coating layer applied on an exterior surface of each of the bulk particles. The bulk particle includes a nickel-containing lithium composite oxide. Bulk phases of the bulk particles are uniformly doped with element M.sup.2. A surface layer of the bulk particle is an exterior doped layer doped with element M.sup.3. Element M.sup.1 and element M.sup.3 are each independently selected from one or more of Mg, Al, Ca, Ce, Ti, Zr, Zn, Y, and B, and element M.sup.2 includes one or more of Si, Ti, Cr, Mo, V, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, Ru, Rh, Pd, Sb, Te, Ce, and W.

This positive electrode active material is for a secondary battery and contains a lithium transition metal complex oxide. The lithium transition metal complex oxide is represented by general formula Li.sub.xMn.sub.yNi.sub.zSb.sub.aO.sub.bF.sub.c (x+y+z+a≤b+c=2, 1≤x≤1.2, 0.4≤y≤0.8, 0≤z≤0.4, 0<a<0.01, and 1.8<b<2 are satisfied) and does not include Co.

A method of preparing a positive electrode active material includes preparing a lithium transition metal oxide containing nickel in an amount of 60 mol % or more based on a total number of moles of metals excluding lithium, impregnating the lithium transition metal oxide with 300 ppm to 1,000 ppm of moisture based on 100 parts by weight of the lithium transition metal oxide, and performing a heat treatment on the lithium transition metal oxide impregnated with the moisture, wherein a lithium by-product present on a surface of the lithium transition metal oxide and the moisture react to form a passivation layer on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide. A positive electrode active material prepared by the above-described preparation method, and a positive electrode and a lithium secondary battery which include the positive electrode active material are also provided.

A positive electrode active material precursor, a method of preparing the same, and a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode, and a lithium secondary battery prepared from the same. In some embodiments, a positive electrode active material precursor includes nickel, cobalt, and manganese, wherein the positive electrode active material precursor satisfies: Equation 1 (2.5≤C.sub.(100)/C.sub.(001)≤5.0) and Equation 2 (1.0≤C.sub.(101)/C.sub.(001)≤3.0), where C.sub.(001) is a crystalline size in a (001) plane, C.sub.(100) is a crystalline size in a (100) plane, and C.sub.(101) is a crystalline size in a (101) plane. The positive electrode active material precursor has particle growth of a (001) plane that is suppressed.