Provided are a system for treating wastewater and a cleaning method thereof. The wastewater treatment system includes: a wastewater compartment, a first electrode, a second electrode, an acid compartment, a base compartment, an acid supply apparatus, a base supply apparatus, a control apparatus, and a power supply device. During the cleaning process, the power supply device provides reverse potential to the first and the second electrodes. The control apparatus shut off a first channel so that the acid supply apparatus provides an acid solution to the base compartment through a second channel, and shut off a third channel so that the base supply apparatus provides an alkaline solution to the acid compartment through a fourth channel, without shutting off the wastewater treatment system.

An electrical water filter device includes a plurality of porous electrodes and one or more porous separators. Each of the one or more porous separators is interposed between two adjacent porous electrodes. A respective porous electrode includes a connection portion extending outside an edge of a porous separators next to the respective porous electrode.

A method of generating electrical power or hydrogen from thermal energy is disclosed. The method includes separating, by a selectively permeable membrane, a first saline solution from a second saline solution, receiving, by the first saline solution and/or the second saline solution, thermal energy from a heat source, and mixing the first saline solution and the second saline solution in a controlled manner, capturing at least some salinity-gradient energy as electrical power as the salinity difference between the first saline solution and the second saline solution decreases. The method further includes transferring, by a heat pump, thermal energy from the first saline solution to the second saline solution, causing the salinity difference between the first saline solution and the second saline solution to increase.

Various examples related to resin wafer technologies including ionomers and resin wafers with solution processable ionomers and their production are provided. In one example, a wafer includes an ion conducting layer having ion-exchange resin particles and an ionomer binder coating the ion-exchange resin particles. The ionomer binder can bind the ion-exchange resin particles together in the ion conducting layer. In another example, the wafer can contain water dissociation catalysts for promoting water-splitting in the wafers.

A system for modifying pH in an aqueous environment comprises an aqueous salt solution feed stream having a first pH and an electrochemical device positioned proximate an aqueous restoration area. The electrochemical device is configured to receive the feed stream and convert the feed stream to an acid stream and a base stream having respective predetermined pH values. A first effluent stream comprises the base stream, wherein the first effluent stream has a second pH that is higher than the first pH. The first effluent stream is delivered proximate the aqueous restoration area. A second effluent stream comprises the acid stream, wherein the second effluent stream has a third pH that is lower than the second pH.

An electrochemical cell may include: an anode; a porous anodic current collector; a cathode; a porous cathodic current collector; and an alkali metal-conducting separator that separates the anode from the cathode and is disposed surrounding the anodic current collector. The cathode may include seawater. A battery module may include a plurality of the electrochemical cells, and a battery may include a plurality of the battery modules.

An electrode includes a microporous titanium substrate coated with a catalytic layer, and the catalytic layer includes magnetic SnO.sub.2—Sb particles. The magnetic SnO.sub.2—Sb particles are attached to the microporous titanium substrate through an external magnetic field. The microporous titanium substrate includes a plurality of membrane pores having a pore size of 5-50 μm that is smaller than a particle size of the magnetic SnO.sub.2—Sb particles.

Methods of treating a waste stream containing perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are disclosed. The methods include directing the waste stream to a dilution compartment of an electrochemical separation device, directing a treatment stream to a concentration compartment of the electrochemical separation device, and applying a voltage across the electrodes to produce a dilute stream substantially free of the PFAS and a concentrate stream. At least one of the waste stream and the treatment stream comprises a water miscible organic solvent. Methods of concentrating PFAS from a wastewater are also disclosed. PFAS concentration systems are also disclosed. The systems include a column comprising an ion exchange resin and an electrochemical separation device having a dilution compartment fluidly connected to an outlet of the column. Methods of facilitating treatment of a waste stream containing PFAS are also disclosed.

An illustrative expendable or reconstructable ozone generator cartridge for an aqueous ozone delivery device, for example, for antimicrobial sanitizing and/or medical treatment, includes a housing for a water ozonating manifold, at least one ozone generating cell coupled to the manifold, and optionally a data logging and authentication feature. Advantageously, a water inlet, an aqueous ozone outlet, and an electrical connector of the ozone generator cartridge are simultaneously pluggable into and unpluggable from a docking station of the aqueous ozone delivery device, for example, a hand or implement washing and sanitizing device or a medical treatment device.

A switching system for an EDR water purifier has a first raw-water inlet end, a second raw-water inlet end, two four-way solenoid valves, an EDR membrane stack, a freshwater outlet end, and a wastewater outlet end. Each four-way solenoid valve has a first inlet end, a second inlet end, a first outlet end, and a second outlet end. The first inlet end of each four-way solenoid valve can communicate with one of the first outlet end and the second outlet end of the same four-way solenoid valve, and the second inlet end of the same four-way solenoid valve can communicate with the other one of the first outlet end and the second outlet end, to execute water-route switching. By switching two water routes passing through the EDR membrane stack, forming of limescale is alleviated, lifespan of the EDR membrane stack is extended, and water-purifying efficiency is improved.