A transparent optical element may include a layer of an electroactive ceramic disposed between transparent electrodes, such that the electrodes are each oriented perpendicular to a non-polar direction of the ceramic layer. Optical properties of the optical element, including transmissivity, haze, and clarity may be improved by the application of a voltage to the electroactive ceramic, and an associated phase transformation.

A composition for forming a PZT-based piezoelectric film formed of Mn-doped composite metal oxides is provided, the composition including: PZT-based precursors containing metal atoms configuring the composite metal oxides; a diol; and polyvinylpyrrolidone, in which when a metal atom ratio in the composition is shown as Pb:Mn:Zr:Ti, the PZT-based precursors are contained so that a metal atom ratio of Pb is satisfied to be from 1.00 to 1.20, a metal atom ratio of Mn is satisfied to be equal to or greater than 0.002 and less than 0.05, a metal atom ratio of Zr is satisfied to be from 0.40 to 0.55, a metal atom ratio of Ti is satisfied to be from 0.45 to 0.60, and the total of Zr and Ti in a metal atom ratio is 1.

To obtain a piezoelectric film having excellent piezoelectric properties. An aspect of the present invention is a piezoelectric film having a crystal oriented in the c-axis direction and a crystal oriented in the a-axis direction, in which, when denoting the amount of a (004) component of the crystal oriented in the c-axis direction by C and denoting the amount of a (400) component of the crystal oriented in the a-axis direction by A, the piezoelectric film satisfies a formula 1 below.
C/(A+C)≧0.1  formula 1

To obtain a piezoelectric film having excellent piezoelectric properties. An aspect of the present invention is a piezoelectric film having a crystal oriented in the c-axis direction and a crystal oriented in the a-axis direction, in which, when denoting the amount of a (004) component of the crystal oriented in the c-axis direction by C and denoting the amount of a (400) component of the crystal oriented in the a-axis direction by A, the piezoelectric film satisfies a formula 1 below.
C/(A+C)≧0.1  formula 1

Provided is a piezoelectric film that has a perovskite structure preferentially oriented to a (100) plane and that comprises a composite oxide represented by the following compositional formula: Pb.sub.a[(Zr.sub.xTi.sub.1-x).sub.1-yNb.sub.y].sub.bO.sub.3 wherein 0<x<1, and 0.10≤y<0.13, in which in a case where a ratio I.sub.(200)/I.sub.(100) of a diffraction peak intensity I.sub.(200) from a perovskite (200) plane with respect to a diffraction peak intensity I.sub.(100) from a perovskite (100) plane, as measured by an X-ray diffraction method, is r, and a/b is q, 0.28r+0.9≤q≤0.32r+0.95, 1.10≤q≤1.25, and r≤1.00 are satisfied.

A dielectric material, a method of manufacturing thereof, and a dielectric device and an electronic device including the same. A dielectric material includes a layered metal oxide including a first layer having a positive charge and a second layer having a negative charge which are laminated, a monolayer nanosheet exfoliated from the layered metal oxide, a nanosheet laminate of the monolayer nanosheets, or a combination thereof, wherein the dielectric material includes a two-dimensional layered material having a two-dimensional crystal structure and the two-dimensional layered material is represented by Chemical Formula 1.

A dielectric material, a method of manufacturing thereof, and a dielectric device and an electronic device including the same. A dielectric material includes a layered metal oxide including a first layer having a positive charge and a second layer having a negative charge which are laminated, a monolayer nanosheet exfoliated from the layered metal oxide, a nanosheet laminate of the monolayer nanosheets, or a combination thereof, wherein the dielectric material includes a two-dimensional layered material having a two-dimensional crystal structure and the two-dimensional layered material is represented by Chemical Formula 1.

In a three-dimensional printing method example, a liquid functional agent is selectively applied. The liquid functional agent includes i) an energy source material or ii) an energy sink material. A metallic or ceramic build material is applied. The liquid functional agent is selectively applied any of before the metallic or ceramic build material, after the metallic or ceramic build material, or both before and after the metallic or ceramic build material. The liquid functional agent patterns the metallic or ceramic build material to form a composite layer. At least some of the metallic or ceramic build material is exposed to energy. A reaction involving i) the energy source material or ii) the energy sink material is initiated to alter a thermal condition of the composite layer.

In a three-dimensional printing method example, a liquid functional agent is selectively applied. The liquid functional agent includes i) an energy source material or ii) an energy sink material. A metallic or ceramic build material is applied. The liquid functional agent is selectively applied any of before the metallic or ceramic build material, after the metallic or ceramic build material, or both before and after the metallic or ceramic build material. The liquid functional agent patterns the metallic or ceramic build material to form a composite layer. At least some of the metallic or ceramic build material is exposed to energy. A reaction involving i) the energy source material or ii) the energy sink material is initiated to alter a thermal condition of the composite layer.

Provided is a piezoelectric single crystal-polycrystal ceramic composite, a method of manufacturing the same, and piezoelectric and dielectric application components using the piezoelectric single crystal-polycrystal ceramic composite. The piezoelectric single crystal-polycrystal ceramic composite shows that complexation is carried out by the optimization of a ratio between grain size distributions of a piezoelectric single crystal and polycrystal ceramic grains, and a volume ratio of the contained piezoelectric single crystal so that mass production simultaneously with excellent piezoelectric characteristics of the piezoelectric single crystal can be realized, and the cost of production can be reduced, so the piezoelectric single crystal-polycrystal ceramic composite can be applied to piezoelectric and dielectric application components, like ultrasonic transducers, piezoelectric actuators, piezoelectric sensors, dielectric capacitors, electric field-generating transducers, and electric field and vibration-generating transducers, using the piezoelectric single crystal-polycrystal ceramic composite, and the piezoelectric single crystal-polycrystal ceramic composite can enhance piezoelectric characteristics and competitiveness in prices.