Composite material units (CMU) of the structure (SE1-ML-LinkerL-Ligand2-SE2), are provided, wherein ML is a Mechanical Ligand, LinkerL is a chemical bond or entity that covalently links ML and Ligand2, Ligand2 is a chemical entity that is covalently linked to the structural entity SE2, or forms a mechanical bond with the structural entity SE2, and SE1 and SE2 are structural entities.

Embodiments of the invention can be directed to controlling and/or engineering the size and/or volume of polar nanoregions (PNRs) of ferroelectric polycrystalline material systems. Some embodiments can achieved this via composition modifications to cause changes in the PNRs and/or local structure. Some embodiments can be used to control and/or engineer dielectric, piezoelectric, and/or electromechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Controlling and/or engineering the PNRs may facilitate improvements to the dielectric, piezoelectric, and/or electromechanical properties of materials. Controlling and/or engineering the PNRs may further facilitate generating a piezoelectric material that may be useful for many different piezoelectric applications.

Embodiments of the invention can be directed to controlling and/or engineering the size and/or volume of polar nanoregions (PNRs) of ferroelectric polycrystalline material systems. Some embodiments can achieved this via composition modifications to cause changes in the PNRs and/or local structure. Some embodiments can be used to control and/or engineer dielectric, piezoelectric, and/or electromechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Controlling and/or engineering the PNRs may facilitate improvements to the dielectric, piezoelectric, and/or electromechanical properties of materials. Controlling and/or engineering the PNRs may further facilitate generating a piezoelectric material that may be useful for many different piezoelectric applications.

A ceramic powder that contains 39.9 mol % to 47.0 mol % of Pb, 2.5 mol % to 6.7 mol % of La, more than 0 mol % to 4.4 mol % of Na, 42.6 mol % to 47.6 mol % of Zr, and more than 0 mol % to 6.2 mol % of Ti based on 100 mol % of a total amount of the Pb, the La, the Na, the Zr, and the Ti in the ceramic powder.

A ceramic powder that contains 39.9 mol % to 47.0 mol % of Pb, 2.5 mol % to 6.7 mol % of La, more than 0 mol % to 4.4 mol % of Na, 42.6 mol % to 47.6 mol % of Zr, and more than 0 mol % to 6.2 mol % of Ti based on 100 mol % of a total amount of the Pb, the La, the Na, the Zr, and the Ti in the ceramic powder.

A piezoelectric element includes a piezoelectric body having a main phase configured by lead zirconate titanate and a heterogenous phase configured by a different component to lead zirconate titanate, and a pair of electrodes provided on the piezoelectric body. The piezoelectric body has a surface region within 10 m of a surface, and an inner region more than 10 m from the surface. A surface area coverage of the heterogenous phase in a cross section of the surface region is at least 0.75% greater than a surface area coverage of the heterogenous phase in a cross section of the inner region.

A piezoelectric element includes a piezoelectric body having a main phase configured by lead zirconate titanate and a heterogenous phase configured by a different component to lead zirconate titanate, and a pair of electrodes provided on the piezoelectric body. The piezoelectric body has a surface region within 10 m of a surface, and an inner region more than 10 m from the surface. A surface area coverage of the heterogenous phase in a cross section of the surface region is at least 0.75% greater than a surface area coverage of the heterogenous phase in a cross section of the inner region.

The present disclosure relates to piezoelectric compositions of Formula I comprising Lead ZirconateLead Titanate solid solution. The disclosure further relates to a method of obtaining said composition, method of preparing/fabricating piezoelectric component(s) and piezoelectric component(s)/article(s) obtained thereof. The piezoelectric composition and articles of the present disclosure show excellent electromechanical characteristics along with very large insulation resistance (IR).

The present disclosure relates to piezoelectric compositions of Formula I comprising Lead ZirconateLead Titanate solid solution. The disclosure further relates to a method of obtaining said composition, method of preparing/fabricating piezoelectric component(s) and piezoelectric component(s)/article(s) obtained thereof. The piezoelectric composition and articles of the present disclosure show excellent electromechanical characteristics along with very large insulation resistance (IR).

A composition for forming a Ce-doped PZT-based piezoelectric film contains: PZT-based precursors containing metal atoms configuring the composite metal oxides; a diol; and polyvinylpyrrolidone. The PZT-based precursors are contained so that a metal atom ratio (Pb:Ce:Zr:Ti) in the composition satisfies (1.00 to 1.28):(0.005 to 0.05):(0.40 to 0.55):(0.60 to 0.45) and the total of Zr and Ti in a metal atom ratio is 1. A concentration of the PZT-based precursor in 100 mass % of the composition is from 17 mass % to 35 mass % in terms of an oxide concentration, a rate of diol in 100 mass % of the composition is from 16 mass % to 56 mass %, and a molar ratio of polyvinylpyrrolidone to 1 mole of the PZT-based precursor is 0.01 moles to 0.25 moles in terms of monomers.