A barrier coating resin formulation comprising at least one polycarbosilane preceramic polymer, at least one organically modified silicon dioxide preceramic polymer, at least one filler, and at least one solvent. A barrier coating comprising a reaction product of the at least one polycarbosilane preceramic polymer and the at least one organically modified silicon dioxide preceramic polymer and the at least one filler is also disclosed, as are articles comprising the barrier coating, rocket motors comprising the barrier coating, and methods of forming the articles.

An oxidation protection system disposed on a substrate is provided, which may comprise a boron layer comprising a boron compound disposed on the substrate; a silicon layer comprising a silicon compound disposed on the boron layer; and at least one sealing layer comprising monoaluminum phosphate and phosphoric acid disposed on the silicon layer.

Provided is a cutting tool comprising a base body and a hard carbon film arranged on the base body, in which, when the cross section of the hard carbon film is observed using a high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope, the area proportion of black regions with an equivalent circle diameter of 10 nm or more is 0.7% or less, and the hard carbon film has a hydrogen content of 5 atom% or less.

Provided is a cutting tool comprising a base body and a hard carbon film arranged on the base body, in which, when the cross section of the hard carbon film is observed using a high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope, the area proportion of black regions with an equivalent circle diameter of 10 nm or more is 0.7% or less, and the hard carbon film has a hydrogen content of 5 atom% or less.

Provided is a cutting tool comprising a base body and a hard carbon film arranged on the base body, in which the hard carbon film includes an amorphous phase and a graphite phase, the degree of crystallinity of the hard carbon film is no more than 6.5%, and the degree of orientation of the graphite phase is no more than 6.

Provided is a cutting tool comprising a base body and a hard carbon film arranged on the base body, in which the hard carbon film includes an amorphous phase and a graphite phase, the degree of crystallinity of the hard carbon film is no more than 6.5%, and the degree of orientation of the graphite phase is no more than 6.

An external element made from a first material for a wearable object, the first material being an insulating ceramic, wherein a surface of the external element is at least partially treated to include at least one conversion with an electrical conductivity.

Ground surface comprising a substrate (110) having a Young's modulus of between 100 and 1000 GPa, and in which the ground surface has, on a working surface (120), a Vickers hardness of between 1300 and 10 000 kgf/mm.sup.2, and/or a surface coating forming the working surface, in which the surface coating contains amorphous carbon and/or titanium nitride and/or chromium nitride and/or tungsten carbide.

Provided is a cutting tool that can have a long tool life even when used to cut soft metals in particular. The cutting tool comprises a base body and a hard carbon film arranged on the base body, the hard carbon film includes an amorphous phase and a graphite phase, the density of the hard carbon film is no less than 2.5 g/cm.sup.3 and no more than 3.5 g/cm.sup.3, the degree of crystallinity of the hard carbon film is no more than 6.5%, and the average coordination number of the amorphous phase is no less than 2.5 and no more than 4.

Provided is a cutting tool that can have a long tool life even when used to cut soft metals in particular. The cutting tool comprises a base body and a hard carbon film arranged on the base body, the hard carbon film includes an amorphous phase and a graphite phase, the density of the hard carbon film is no less than 2.5 g/cm.sup.3 and no more than 3.5 g/cm.sup.3, the degree of crystallinity of the hard carbon film is no more than 6.5%, and the average coordination number of the amorphous phase is no less than 2.5 and no more than 4.