A contained hydrogen generation system (system) comprises a high-pressure containment vessel (vessel), one or more proton-exchange membrane (PEM) cells, an oxygen-water separator, and a passive dual regulator with relative differential venting (regulator). The vessel defines a hydrogen plenum. The PEM and the oxygen-water separator are disposed in the hydrogen plenum. The regulator includes a hydrogen fluid path in fluid communication with the hydrogen plenum, an exterior hydrogen storage vessel, and an exterior of the vessel, and also includes an oxygen fluid path in fluid communication with the oxygen-water separator, an exterior oxygen storage vessel, and an exterior of the vessel. The regulator regulates pressure imbalances between an oxygen-side of the system and a hydrogen-side of the system, and vents oxygen and hydrogen to an exterior of the vessel to allow collection of both hydrogen and oxygen and avoid rupture of a PEM in the one or more PEM cells.

A modular hydrogen generation system (system) comprises a high-pressure containment vessel (vessel) defining a hydrogen plenum. The system also comprises a hydrogen generation insert (insert) shaped to be received in the hydrogen plenum. The insert includes a cover, one or more proton-exchange membrane (PEM) cells, an oxygen-water separator; and a passive dual regulator with relative differential venting (regulator). The insert is inserted into the hydrogen plenum such that hydrogen and oxygen can be produced at an interior pressure of from 200 to 6,000 psi. The regulator receives oxygen from the oxygen-water separator and hydrogen from the hydrogen plenum and regulates pressure imbalances between an oxygen-side of the system, vents oxygen to an exterior of the high-pressure containment vessel, and vents hydrogen to an exterior of the vessel to allow collection of hydrogen and oxygen and avoid rupture of the one or more PEM cells during operation.

A passive dual modulating regulator with relative differential venting (regulator) for use with a contained hydrogen generation system (system) comprises a housing, a first piston valve, a second piston valve, and a third piston valve. The regulator defines a hydrogen fluid path in fluid communication with a hydrogen-side of the system, an exterior hydrogen storage vessel, and an exterior of the system. The regulator also defines an oxygen fluid path in fluid communication with the oxygen-side of the system, an exterior oxygen storage vessel, and an exterior of the system. The regulator regulates pressure imbalances between the oxygen-side of the system and the hydrogen-side of the system, and vents oxygen and hydrogen to the exterior of the system to allow collection of both hydrogen and oxygen and avoid rupture of a proton-exchange membrane of the system.

A passive dual modulating regulator with relative differential venting (regulator) for use with a contained hydrogen generation system (system) comprises a flexible diaphragm clamped between a first housing section and a second housing section. The regulator defines a hydrogen fluid path in fluid communication with the hydrogen-side of the system, an exterior hydrogen storage vessel, and an exterior of the system. The regulator also defines an oxygen fluid path in fluid communication with the oxygen-side of the system, an exterior oxygen storage vessel, and an exterior of the system. The regulator regulates pressure imbalances between the oxygen-side of the system and the hydrogen-side of the system, and vents oxygen and hydrogen to an exterior of the system to allow collection of both hydrogen and oxygen and avoid rupture of a proton-exchange membrane of the system.

A contained hydrogen generation system (system) comprises a high-pressure containment vessel (vessel), one or more proton-exchange membrane (PEM) cells, an oxygen-water separator, and a passive dual regulator with relative differential venting (regulator). The vessel defines a hydrogen plenum. The PEM and the oxygen-water separator are disposed in the hydrogen plenum. The regulator includes a hydrogen fluid path in fluid communication with the hydrogen plenum, an exterior hydrogen storage vessel, and an exterior of the vessel, and also includes an oxygen fluid path in fluid communication with the oxygen-water separator, an exterior oxygen storage vessel, and an exterior of the vessel. The regulator regulates pressure imbalances between an oxygen-side of the system and a hydrogen-side of the system, and vents oxygen and hydrogen to an exterior of the vessel to allow collection of both hydrogen and oxygen and avoid rupture of a PEM in the one or more PEM cells.

A continuous method includes passing a first steam feed stream and one or more of a recycled tail gas stream and a methane-rich feed stream to a cathode of a first electrolyzer containing the cathode, an anode and an electrolyte inserted between the cathode and the anode, thereby producing a cathode effluent including syngas, and passing the cathode effluent including syngas to a reactor unit, thereby producing a chemical product or a fuel-based product.

A continuous method includes passing a steam feed stream and one or more of a recycled tail gas stream and a methane-rich feed stream to an anode of an electrolyzer containing a cathode, the anode and an electrolyte inserted between the cathode and the anode, thereby producing an anode effluent including syngas, and passing the anode effluent including syngas to the reactor unit, thereby producing a chemical product or a fuel-based product.

A hydrogen production system for producing a hydrogen gas product includes a geologic hydrogen source configured to provide a feedstock comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, and helium and purification equipment comprising two or more of: a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) device; a guard bed; a separation membrane; a reactive membrane; or a cryogenic separation device. The purification equipment is configured to receive the feedstock from the geologic hydrogen source and produce a hydrogen gas product, and production of the hydrogen gas product exhibits a carbon intensity score less than 3.0 kg CO.sub.2 eq/kg H.sub.2.