Systems and methods for recycling waste plastics are provided, including a system for recovering styrene monomer from waste polystyrene. The system includes a mixing, heating and compacting apparatus to receive a supply of waste polystyrene and to output a densified polystyrene containing melt; a pyrolysis reactor configured to receive the densified polystyrene containing melt and a supply of recycled oligomers, pyrolyze the densified polystyrene containing melt and the recycled oligomers, and output a hydrocarbon gas stream and a solids residue stream; a quenching apparatus configured to receive the hydrocarbon gas stream output from the pyrolysis reactor and condense out oligomers for routing upstream to the pyrolysis reactor to be combined as the supply of recycled oligomers with the densified polystyrene containing melt, and to discharge an altered hydrocarbon gas stream for further processing; and a condenser configured to receive the altered hydrocarbon gas stream from the quenching apparatus and condense out styrene to form a styrene monomer oil product.

Systems and methods for recycling waste plastics are provided, including a system for recovering styrene monomer from waste polystyrene. The system includes a mixing, heating and compacting apparatus to receive a supply of waste polystyrene and to output a densified polystyrene containing melt; a pyrolysis reactor configured to receive the densified polystyrene containing melt and a supply of recycled oligomers, pyrolyze the densified polystyrene containing melt and the recycled oligomers, and output a hydrocarbon gas stream and a solids residue stream; a quenching apparatus configured to receive the hydrocarbon gas stream output from the pyrolysis reactor and condense out oligomers for routing upstream to the pyrolysis reactor to be combined as the supply of recycled oligomers with the densified polystyrene containing melt, and to discharge an altered hydrocarbon gas stream for further processing; and a condenser configured to receive the altered hydrocarbon gas stream from the quenching apparatus and condense out styrene to form a styrene monomer oil product.

Catalyst compositions for the conversion of aldehyde compounds and primary alcohol compounds to olefins are disclosed herein. Reactions include oxidative dehydroxymethylation processes and oxidative dehydroformylation methods, which are beneficially conducted in the presence of a sacrificial acceptor of H.sub.2 gas, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide.

Catalyst compositions for the conversion of aldehyde compounds and primary alcohol compounds to olefins are disclosed herein. Reactions include oxidative dehydroxymethylation processes and oxidative dehydroformylation methods, which are beneficially conducted in the presence of a sacrificial acceptor of H.sub.2 gas, such as N,N-dimethylacrylamide.

Described are methods and compositions for inhibiting polymerization of a monomer (e.g., styrene) composition using a hydroxylated quinone antipolymerant. The hydroxylated quinone antipolymerant can be used with little or no nitroxyl group containing antipolymerant yet still provide excellent antipolymerant activity in a monomer-containing composition.

Described are methods and compositions for inhibiting polymerization of a monomer (e.g., styrene) composition using a hydroxylated quinone antipolymerant. The hydroxylated quinone antipolymerant can be used with little or no nitroxyl group containing antipolymerant yet still provide excellent antipolymerant activity in a monomer-containing composition.

The disclosure relates to a zeolite catalyst for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, including a zeolite NaX and Na.sub.3PO.sub.4 or Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 supported on the zeolite NaX. The zeolite catalyst can be effective for catalyzing the side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol. The disclosure also relates to a process for preparing a zeolite catalyst for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, which is simple, practical and cheap in cost.

The disclosure relates to a zeolite catalyst for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, including a zeolite NaX and Na.sub.3PO.sub.4 or Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 supported on the zeolite NaX. The zeolite catalyst can be effective for catalyzing the side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol. The disclosure also relates to a process for preparing a zeolite catalyst for side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol, which is simple, practical and cheap in cost.

Provided is an oxidizing composition, in which a liquid medium is substantially inert in the presence of an oxidizing electrophile contained in the liquid medium. The composition comprises (a) an oxidizing electrophile comprising a main group element in oxidized form and at least one conjugate anion of an oxygen acid; (b) a non-oxidizable liquid selected from a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a sulfone, a deactivated arene, a deactivated aliphatic, a deactivated heteroarene, a deactivated heteroaliphatic, and a combination thereof; and (c) optionally one or more salt additives. Further provided are a method of using the oxidizing composition to oxidize a substrate and a method of generating and/or regenerating an oxidizing electrophile comprising a main group element.

Provided is an oxidizing composition, in which a liquid medium is substantially inert in the presence of an oxidizing electrophile contained in the liquid medium. The composition comprises (a) an oxidizing electrophile comprising a main group element in oxidized form and at least one conjugate anion of an oxygen acid; (b) a non-oxidizable liquid selected from a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a sulfone, a deactivated arene, a deactivated aliphatic, a deactivated heteroarene, a deactivated heteroaliphatic, and a combination thereof; and (c) optionally one or more salt additives. Further provided are a method of using the oxidizing composition to oxidize a substrate and a method of generating and/or regenerating an oxidizing electrophile comprising a main group element.