The invention is concerned with a method for producing a conjugated diene including a reaction step of subjecting a raw material gas containing a monoolefin having a carbon atom number of 4 or more to an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction with a gas containing molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, to obtain a reaction product gas containing a conjugated diene; and a cooling step of cooling the reaction product gas, wherein in the cooling step, a cooling agent is supplied into a cooling column and brought into contact with the reaction product gas; the cooling agent discharged from the cooling column is then cooled by a heat exchanger; a precipitate dissolved in the cooling agent is precipitated within the heat exchanger and recovered; and the cooling agent from which the precipitate has been recovered is circulated into the cooling column.

An azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic is formed via an oxocycloalkenyl isoxazolium anhydrobase and its dimer. The dimer can be used to form mono- and dihydrazones, which can be an azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic. A method of preparation of the dimer and the azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic occurs with hydrazonation and, optionally, a subsequent dehydrazonation. The dimer can be converted by inserting a nitrogen atom into the six membered ring of to a C-17 position cyclohexenone moiety of the dimer to yield a reduced tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepin-8-yl group. A subsequent hydrozone formation at a benzylic ketone can be carried out to generate an azasteroid mimic with a (triazol-4-yl)imino substituent. Monohydrazones can be converted to their thione equivalents.

An azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic is formed via an oxocycloalkenyl isoxazolium anhydrobase and its dimer. The dimer can be used to form mono- and dihydrazones, which can be an azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic. A method of preparation of the dimer and the azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic occurs with hydrazonation and, optionally, a subsequent dehydrazonation. The dimer can be converted by inserting a nitrogen atom into the six membered ring of to a C-17 position cyclohexenone moiety of the dimer to yield a reduced tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepin-8-yl group. A subsequent hydrozone formation at a benzylic ketone can be carried out to generate an azasteroid mimic with a (triazol-4-yl)imino substituent. Monohydrazones can be converted to their thione equivalents.

Disclosed herein are reaction compositions comprising an oxidation catalyst, a solvent, and a substrate that is dissolved in the solvent. The oxidation catalyst comprises a metal ion complexed with an -keto acid and a tridentate N,N,O-ligand. Also disclosed herein are methods for oxidizing a CH bond of a molecule, the methods comprising contacting the molecule with a metal complex comprising a metal ion complexed with a tridentate N,N,O-ligand in the presence of an -keto acid and a solvent. In some embodiments, the oxidation catalyst or metal complex is linked to a solid support.

Disclosed herein are reaction compositions comprising an oxidation catalyst, a solvent, and a substrate that is dissolved in the solvent. The oxidation catalyst comprises a metal ion complexed with an -keto acid and a tridentate N,N,O-ligand. Also disclosed herein are methods for oxidizing a CH bond of a molecule, the methods comprising contacting the molecule with a metal complex comprising a metal ion complexed with a tridentate N,N,O-ligand in the presence of an -keto acid and a solvent. In some embodiments, the oxidation catalyst or metal complex is linked to a solid support.

An azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic is formed via an oxocycloalkenyl isoxazolium anhydrobase and its dimer. The dimer can be used to form mono- and dihydrazones, which can be an azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic. A method of preparation of the dimer and the azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic occurs with hydrazonation and, optionally, a subsequent dehydrazonation. The dimer can be converted by inserting a nitrogen atom into the six membered ring of to a C-17 position cyclohexenone moiety of the dimer to yield a reduced tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepin-8-yl group. A subsequent hydrozone formation at a benzylic ketone can be carried out to generate an azasteroid mimic with a (triazol-4-yl)imino substituent. Monohydrazones can be converted to their thione equivalents.

An azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic is formed via an oxocycloalkenyl isoxazolium anhydrobase and its dimer. The dimer can be used to form mono- and dihydrazones, which can be an azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic. A method of preparation of the dimer and the azasteroid mimic or an intermediate for the preparation of an azasteroid and azasteroid mimic occurs with hydrazonation and, optionally, a subsequent dehydrazonation. The dimer can be converted by inserting a nitrogen atom into the six membered ring of to a C-17 position cyclohexenone moiety of the dimer to yield a reduced tetrazolo[1,5-a]azepin-8-yl group. A subsequent hydrozone formation at a benzylic ketone can be carried out to generate an azasteroid mimic with a (triazol-4-yl)imino substituent. Monohydrazones can be converted to their thione equivalents.

A metal oxide supported palladium catalyst comprised of a -Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/Bi.sub.2Sn.sub.2O.sub.7 hetero-junction catalyst support and palladium was developed. The catalyst was synthesized using a sol-gel technique as a nanocrystalline structure. In the presence of fluorene, an oxidant and ultraviolet irradiation, the catalyst converts the hydrocarbon to a mixture of fluorenol/fluorenone oxidation products. The close proximity between -Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and Bi.sub.2Sn.sub.2O.sub.7 heterojunction phases in the catalyst is thought to be responsible for the efficient charge separation and catalytic activity. An indirect chemical probe method using active species scavengers elucidated that the photo-oxidation mechanism proceeds via holes and superoxide radical (O.sub.2..sup.) moieties.

A metal oxide supported palladium catalyst comprised of a -Bi.sub.2O.sub.3/Bi.sub.2Sn.sub.2O.sub.7 hetero-junction catalyst support and palladium was developed. The catalyst was synthesized using a sol-gel technique as a nanocrystalline structure. In the presence of fluorene, an oxidant and ultraviolet irradiation, the catalyst converts the hydrocarbon to a mixture of fluorenol/fluorenone oxidation products. The close proximity between -Bi.sub.2O.sub.3 and Bi.sub.2Sn.sub.2O.sub.7 heterojunction phases in the catalyst is thought to be responsible for the efficient charge separation and catalytic activity. An indirect chemical probe method using active species scavengers elucidated that the photo-oxidation mechanism proceeds via holes and superoxide radical (O.sub.2..sup.) moieties.

Provided is a method for producing fluorenone comprising an oxidation step of oxidizing fluorene in the presence of an aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2 to 3 carbon atoms, a metal catalyst, a bromine compound, and oxygen, a solvent removal step of removing the aliphatic carboxylic acid, a heating step at 120 to 350 C., and a distillation step in the order indicated.