A method of producing an anthraquinone-based substance represented by the following chemical formula:

##STR00001##

where at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is a hydroxy group, and at least one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 is an alkoxy group, includes the steps of: preparing a starting material represented by the following chemical formula:

##STR00002##

where at least two of the R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are hydroxy groups; and reacting the starting material with an organic alkylating agent. The amount of the organic alkylating agent to be reacted with the starting material is more than or equal to 0.05 mol and less than n mol per 1 mol of the starting material, where n is the number of hydroxy groups contained in the starting material.

Methods are described and related devices, compositions, and systems, in which a caged compound is administered to a biological environment, the caged compound being caged with a long wavelength absorber, the long wavelength being a wavelength greater than or equal to 750 nm; and irradiating the biological environment to excite the long wavelength absorber with light at a wavelength in a range from 900-1100 nm, thus decaging the compound.

Methods are described and related devices, compositions, and systems, in which a caged compound is administered to a biological environment, the caged compound being caged with a long wavelength absorber, the long wavelength being a wavelength greater than or equal to 750 nm; and irradiating the biological environment to excite the long wavelength absorber with light at a wavelength in a range from 900-1100 nm, thus decaging the compound.

The present invention relates to aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle compounds comprising an acid function and being of formula (5), ##STR00001##
wherein W, Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, Q.sup.4, R.sup.1, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.7, R.sup.9, R.sup.11, a, c, e, and g are as described in the description; and the use of such compounds in the treatment or the prevention of viral disorders, including HIV.

The present invention relates to aromatic carbocycle or heterocycle compounds comprising an acid function and being of formula (5), ##STR00001##
wherein W, Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, Q.sup.4, R.sup.1, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.7, R.sup.9, R.sup.11, a, c, e, and g are as described in the description; and the use of such compounds in the treatment or the prevention of viral disorders, including HIV.

A catalytic glycosylation method comprising: installing thioether to an anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate; and catalytically activating the thioether with a non-oxophilic Lewis acid. The thioether may comprise an anomerically stable thioether leaving group. The catalytic glycosylation method may further comprise: utilizing an acid-sensitive ester protecting group as permanent protecting group or using a reactivity-based one-pot glycosylation that employs a single-component catalyst to accelerate an oligosaccharide assembly process. A protecting group to mask hydroxyl functionalities in the production of oligosaccharides, natural products or any molecule having a hydroxyl group comprising an acid-labile ester protecting group.

A method for producing 2,2-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1-binaphthyl includes performing steps (i) to (iv) below in sequence using a 2,2-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1-binaphthyl as a starting material: (i) a hydrolysis reaction step, (ii) a step of distilling off a resulting alcohol represented by formula (3) above from a reaction system, (iii) a step of acidifying a reaction solution, and (iv) a step of precipitating 2,2-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1-binaphthyl in the presence of an organic solvent.

A method for producing 2,2-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1-binaphthyl includes performing steps (i) to (iv) below in sequence using a 2,2-bis(alkoxycarbonylmethoxy)-1,1-binaphthyl as a starting material: (i) a hydrolysis reaction step, (ii) a step of distilling off a resulting alcohol represented by formula (3) above from a reaction system, (iii) a step of acidifying a reaction solution, and (iv) a step of precipitating 2,2-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,1-binaphthyl in the presence of an organic solvent.