[6,6]-Phenyl C.sub.71 butyric acid derivatives (C.sub.70-PCBR.sub.3) having a selectivity of greater than 95 wt % of the α-isomer are provided by reacting fullerene C.sub.70 with a dialkyl sulfonium tetrafluoroborate having the formula:

##STR00001##

Provided herein are methods and intermediates for making (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride, which are useful for the preparation of compounds useful for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with the JNK pathway.

Provided herein are methods and intermediates for making (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride, which are useful for the preparation of compounds useful for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with the JNK pathway.

Provided herein are methods and intermediates for making (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride, which are useful for the preparation of compounds useful for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with the JNK pathway.

The multifunctional compound is represented by formula X—C(R)RF—Y, in which X and Y are each independently —C(O)—O-M, —C(O)-HAL, —C(O)—NR.sup.1.sub.2, —C≡N, —C(O)NR.sup.1—SO.sub.2—R.sub.f.sup.1-W, or a fluorinated alkenyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. HAL is —F, —Cl, or —Br. R.sub.f.sup.1 is a fluorinated alkylene group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. W is —F, —SO.sub.2Z, —CF═CF.sub.2, —O—CF═CF.sub.2, or —O—CF.sub.2—CF═CF.sub.2. Z is —F, —Cl, —NR.sup.1.sub.2, or —OM. Each R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having up to four carbon atoms. M is an alkyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a hydrogen atom, a metallic cation, or a quaternary ammonium cation. R is a bromine, chloride, fluorine or hydrogen atom; and RF is a fluorinated alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one chlorine atom, aryl group, or a combination thereof or RF is a fluorinated alkyl group or arylalkylenyl group that is substituted by bromine or iodine and uninterrupted or interrupted by at least one —O— group. A process for making the compound is also disclosed. A fluoropolymer made from the compound and a method of making the fluoropolymer are also disclosed.

The multifunctional compound is represented by formula X—C(R)RF—Y, in which X and Y are each independently —C(O)—O-M, —C(O)-HAL, —C(O)—NR.sup.1.sub.2, —C≡N, —C(O)NR.sup.1—SO.sub.2—R.sub.f.sup.1-W, or a fluorinated alkenyl group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. HAL is —F, —Cl, or —Br. R.sub.f.sup.1 is a fluorinated alkylene group that is optionally interrupted by one or more —O— groups. W is —F, —SO.sub.2Z, —CF═CF.sub.2, —O—CF═CF.sub.2, or —O—CF.sub.2—CF═CF.sub.2. Z is —F, —Cl, —NR.sup.1.sub.2, or —OM. Each R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or alkyl having up to four carbon atoms. M is an alkyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a hydrogen atom, a metallic cation, or a quaternary ammonium cation. R is a bromine, chloride, fluorine or hydrogen atom; and RF is a fluorinated alkenyl group that is unsubstituted or substituted by at least one chlorine atom, aryl group, or a combination thereof or RF is a fluorinated alkyl group or arylalkylenyl group that is substituted by bromine or iodine and uninterrupted or interrupted by at least one —O— group. A process for making the compound is also disclosed. A fluoropolymer made from the compound and a method of making the fluoropolymer are also disclosed.

This disclosure provides methods for the chemical modification of triglycerides that are highly enriched in specific fatty acids and subsequent use thereof for producing functionally versatile polymers.

This disclosure provides methods for the chemical modification of triglycerides that are highly enriched in specific fatty acids and subsequent use thereof for producing functionally versatile polymers.

The present invention is a catalyst comprising: (i) a compound comprising at least one first metal element selected from boron, magnesium, zirconium, and hafnium, and (ii) an alkali metal element, wherein the compound and the alkali metal element are supported on a carrier having silanol groups, an average particle size of the compound of the first metal element is 0.4 nm or more and 50 nm or less, the catalyst satisfies the following formula (1):

0.90×10.sup.−21 (g/number)≤X/(Y×Z)<10.8×10.sup.−21 (g/number)   formula (1), in which X is a molar ratio of the alkali metal element to the at least one first metal element in the catalyst, Y is a BET specific surface area of the catalyst (m.sup.2/g), and Z is a number of the silanol groups per unit area (number/nm.sup.2).

The present invention is a catalyst comprising: (i) a compound comprising at least one first metal element selected from boron, magnesium, zirconium, and hafnium, and (ii) an alkali metal element, wherein the compound and the alkali metal element are supported on a carrier having silanol groups, an average particle size of the compound of the first metal element is 0.4 nm or more and 50 nm or less, the catalyst satisfies the following formula (1):

0.90×10.sup.−21 (g/number)≤X/(Y×Z)<10.8×10.sup.−21 (g/number)   formula (1), in which X is a molar ratio of the alkali metal element to the at least one first metal element in the catalyst, Y is a BET specific surface area of the catalyst (m.sup.2/g), and Z is a number of the silanol groups per unit area (number/nm.sup.2).