A method of preparing an ester by reacting a carboxylic acid with a (C.sub.1-C.sub.36)alcohol in the presence of a catalyst that is suitable for preparing carboxylic acid esters of monomeric carboxylic acids in high yield. The method reduces by-products of the reaction, in particular esters of dimeric, trimeric and/or oligomeric carboxylic acids. The method requires a minimal excess of alcohol and does not require removal of water and/or carboxylic acid ester from the reaction mixture. The method is particularly suitable for the reaction of hydroxyalkylcarboxylic acids and fatty alcohols.

A method for producing a high-purity carboxylic acid ester, the method including bringing a crude carboxylic acid ester that contains anionic impurities and Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sn, and Zn metal impurities into contact with a cation-exchange resin, followed by bringing the crude carboxylic acid ester into contact with an anion-exchange resin to obtain to provide a high-purity carboxylic acid ester in which the Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sn, and Zn metal impurity content are each less than 1 ppb and the anionic impurity content is less than 1 ppm.

A method for producing a high-purity carboxylic acid ester, the method including bringing a crude carboxylic acid ester that contains anionic impurities and Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sn, and Zn metal impurities into contact with a cation-exchange resin, followed by bringing the crude carboxylic acid ester into contact with an anion-exchange resin to obtain to provide a high-purity carboxylic acid ester in which the Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sn, and Zn metal impurity content are each less than 1 ppb and the anionic impurity content is less than 1 ppm.

A method for producing a high-purity carboxylic acid ester, the method including bringing a crude carboxylic acid ester that contains anionic impurities and Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sn, and Zn metal impurities into contact with a cation-exchange resin, followed by bringing the crude carboxylic acid ester into contact with an anion-exchange resin to obtain to provide a high-purity carboxylic acid ester in which the Ag, Al, Au, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sn, and Zn metal impurity content are each less than 1 ppb and the anionic impurity content is less than 1 ppm.

An efficient anti-bacterial hydroxy acid ester oligomer of the present invention has a general structural formula (I). Starting from the design of molecular structure, the present invention rationally designs the end group and chain length structure of the substance of formula (I), and controls its clogP value, so that the substance of formula (I) of the present invention reaches an appropriate size, which maximizes the ability of the substance of formula (I) to penetrate into the bacteria and destroy the bacterial cell membrane, thereby achieving high anti-bacterial efficiency. By precisely designing the molecular structure, the present invention regulates the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the hydroxy acid ester oligomer to obtain a bio-based anti-bacterial agent with controllable water solubility.

An actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition contains a compound represented by general formula (S1) and an acid decomposable resin. In the general formula (S1), Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, Q.sup.4, and Q.sup.5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, provided that at least one of Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2, Q.sup.3, Q.sup.4, or Q.sup.5 represents a substituent including an aryloxy group represented by general formula (QR1), Lq.sup.1 represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; and M.sup.+ represents an organic cation. In the general formula (QR1), G.sup.1, G.sup.2, G.sup.3, G.sup.4, and G.sup.5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, provided that at least one of G.sup.1, G.sup.2, G.sup.3, G.sup.4, or G.sup.5 represents a substituent including an ester group; and * represents a bonding position.

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The present invention describes storage-stable glycerol (meth)acrylate carboxylic esters and a method for preparing these esters.

The present invention describes storage-stable glycerol (meth)acrylate carboxylic esters and a method for preparing these esters.

The present disclosure provides treprostinil derivatives that can act as prodrugs of treprostinil. The treprostinil derivatives can be used to treat any conditions responsive to treatment with treprostinil, including pulmonary hypertension, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.

The present disclosure provides treprostinil derivatives that can act as prodrugs of treprostinil. The treprostinil derivatives can be used to treat any conditions responsive to treatment with treprostinil, including pulmonary hypertension, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension.