A method for obtaining a salt with a general formula: R.sub.xNI, wherein: R.sub.xN is an organic cation (R.sub.xN.sup.+), R represents substituents (R−) independently selected from a group consisting of organic substituents: R.sup.1−, R.sup.2—, R.sup.3— and hydrogen (H—), x is a number of the substituents R— directly linked with the nitrogen (N) atom in the organic cation R.sub.xN.sup.+, wherein x is 3 or 4, I is an iodide anion (I.sup.−). The method comprises: preparing a reaction mixture comprising the steps of: synthesizing hydrogen iodide (HI) in situ by mixing molecular iodine (I.sub.2) with formic acid (COOH) in a molar ratio of molecular iodine (I.sub.2): formic acid (COOH) of no less than 1.01:1, in a solvent medium, introducing into the solvent medium a compound being a donor of organic cation R.sub.xN.sup.+ in an amount providing the molar ratio of the donor of organic cation R.sub.xN.sup.+: molecular iodine (I.sub.2) of no less than 1.01:1, and maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature of not less than 20° C. for the time necessary to obtain the reaction product being the salt with the general formula R.sub.xNI. The obtained product is a substrate for synthesis of perovskites.

A method for obtaining a salt with a general formula: R.sub.xNI, wherein: R.sub.xN is an organic cation (R.sub.xN.sup.+), R represents substituents (R−) independently selected from a group consisting of organic substituents: R.sup.1−, R.sup.2—, R.sup.3— and hydrogen (H—), x is a number of the substituents R— directly linked with the nitrogen (N) atom in the organic cation R.sub.xN.sup.+, wherein x is 3 or 4, I is an iodide anion (I.sup.−). The method comprises: preparing a reaction mixture comprising the steps of: synthesizing hydrogen iodide (HI) in situ by mixing molecular iodine (I.sub.2) with formic acid (COOH) in a molar ratio of molecular iodine (I.sub.2): formic acid (COOH) of no less than 1.01:1, in a solvent medium, introducing into the solvent medium a compound being a donor of organic cation R.sub.xN.sup.+ in an amount providing the molar ratio of the donor of organic cation R.sub.xN.sup.+: molecular iodine (I.sub.2) of no less than 1.01:1, and maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature of not less than 20° C. for the time necessary to obtain the reaction product being the salt with the general formula R.sub.xNI. The obtained product is a substrate for synthesis of perovskites.

The invention relates to an improved process for synthesizing 6-(cyclopropaneamido)-4-((2-methoxy-3-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl)amino)-5N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide of the formula:

##STR00001##

Compound I is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis.

The invention relates to an improved process for synthesizing 6-(cyclopropaneamido)-4-((2-methoxy-3-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)phenyl)amino)-5N-(methyl-d3)pyridazine-3-carboxamide of the formula:

##STR00001##

Compound I is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis.

Disclosed is a method for efficiently synthesizing primary amines, which comprises using carbonyl compounds or alcohol compounds as reaction substrate, liquid ammonia or alcohol solutions of ammonia as nitrogen source, and hydrogen as hydrogen source, and reacting in reaction medium catalyzed by a cobalt-based catalyst to obtain the primary amines. Due to high catalytic activity, the method can realize the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds and the hydrogen-borrowing amination of alcohol compounds at low temperatures in a short time to obtain the primary amines with high yield, and is applicable to a wide range of substrates. The obtained primary amines can be used as raw materials with high extra value for producing polymers, medicines, dyes and surfactants. Further, the cobalt-based catalyst has a good industrial application prospect because it is magnetic which can facilitate separation and recycling of the catalyst. Moreover, the inexpensive cobalt-based catalyst can significantly reduce industrialization cost.

Disclosed is a method for efficiently synthesizing primary amines, which comprises using carbonyl compounds or alcohol compounds as reaction substrate, liquid ammonia or alcohol solutions of ammonia as nitrogen source, and hydrogen as hydrogen source, and reacting in reaction medium catalyzed by a cobalt-based catalyst to obtain the primary amines. Due to high catalytic activity, the method can realize the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds and the hydrogen-borrowing amination of alcohol compounds at low temperatures in a short time to obtain the primary amines with high yield, and is applicable to a wide range of substrates. The obtained primary amines can be used as raw materials with high extra value for producing polymers, medicines, dyes and surfactants. Further, the cobalt-based catalyst has a good industrial application prospect because it is magnetic which can facilitate separation and recycling of the catalyst. Moreover, the inexpensive cobalt-based catalyst can significantly reduce industrialization cost.

Disclosed herein are clusters compounds that include at least one substituted amine sulfate and at least one substituted amine bisulfate molecule. The substituted amine sulfate molecule and the substituted amine bisulfate molecule may each include an ammonium moiety with at least one alkyl substituent. Optionally, the alkyl substituent can include 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, the alkyl substituent can be a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl group. In some examples, the substituted amine sulfate molecule and the substituted amine bisulfate molecule each include an ammonium moiety with at least two alkyl substituents. Optionally, the two alkyl substituents are the same. Alternatively, however, the two alkyl substituents can be different.

A process for the conversion of glycolaldehyde with an aminating agent in the presence of hydrogen and of a catalyst in a glycolaldehyde conversion reactor, wherein one or more organic carboxylic acids are fed into the glycolaldehyde conversion reactor.

A process for the conversion of glycolaldehyde with an aminating agent in the presence of hydrogen and of a catalyst in a glycolaldehyde conversion reactor, wherein one or more organic carboxylic acids are fed into the glycolaldehyde conversion reactor.

The instant invention provides for novel cationic lipids that can be used in combination with other lipid components such as cholesterol and PEG-lipids to form lipid nanoparticles with oligonucleotides. It is an object of the instant invention to provide a cationic lipid scaffold that demonstrates enhanced efficacy along with lower liver toxicity as a result of lower lipid levels in the liver. The present invention employs low molecular weight cationic lipids with one short lipid chain to enhance the efficiency and tolerability of in vivo delivery of siRNA.