The instant invention provides for novel cationic lipids that can be used in combination with other lipid components such as cholesterol and PEG-lipids to form lipid nanoparticles with oligonucleotides. It is an object of the instant invention to provide a cationic lipid scaffold that demonstrates enhanced efficacy along with lower liver toxicity as a result of lower lipid levels in the liver. The present invention employs low molecular weight cationic lipids with one short lipid chain to enhance the efficiency and tolerability of in vivo delivery of siRNA.

The instant invention provides for novel cationic lipids that can be used in combination with other lipid components such as cholesterol and PEG-lipids to form lipid nanoparticles with oligonucleotides. It is an object of the instant invention to provide a cationic lipid scaffold that demonstrates enhanced efficacy along with lower liver toxicity as a result of lower lipid levels in the liver. The present invention employs low molecular weight cationic lipids with one short lipid chain to enhance the efficiency and tolerability of in vivo delivery of siRNA.

Psilocin formulations of psilocin mucate with improved stability, physical properties and/or handling characteristics, as well as enhanced pharmacologic activity, pharmacokinetic parameters and safety characteristics as compared to psilocin or psilocybin and methods for their use are provided.

A mononuclear iron bivalent complex having iron-silicon bonds, which is represented by formula (1), can exhibit an excellent catalytic activity in at least one reaction selected from three reactions, i.e., a hydrosilylation reaction, a hydrogenation reaction and a reaction for reducing a carbonyl compound. ##STR00001## (In the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted by X, or the like; X represents a halogen atom, or the like; L.sup.1 represents at least one two-electron ligand selected from an isonitrile ligand, an amine ligand, an imine ligand, a nitrogenated heterocyclic ring, a phosphine ligand, a phosphite ligand and a sulfide ligand, wherein, when multiple L.sup.1's are present, two L.sup.1's may be bonded to each other; L.sup.2 represents a two-electron ligand that is different from a CO ligand or the above-mentioned L.sup.1, wherein, when multiple L.sup.2's are present, two L.sup.2's may be bonded to each other; and m.sup.1 represents an integer of 1 to 4 and m.sup.2 represents an integer of 0 to 3, wherein the sum total of m.sup.1 and m.sup.2 (i.e., m.sup.1+m.sup.2) satisfies 3 or 4.)

A mononuclear iron bivalent complex having iron-silicon bonds, which is represented by formula (1), can exhibit an excellent catalytic activity in at least one reaction selected from three reactions, i.e., a hydrosilylation reaction, a hydrogenation reaction and a reaction for reducing a carbonyl compound. ##STR00001## (In the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted by X, or the like; X represents a halogen atom, or the like; L.sup.1 represents at least one two-electron ligand selected from an isonitrile ligand, an amine ligand, an imine ligand, a nitrogenated heterocyclic ring, a phosphine ligand, a phosphite ligand and a sulfide ligand, wherein, when multiple L.sup.1's are present, two L.sup.1's may be bonded to each other; L.sup.2 represents a two-electron ligand that is different from a CO ligand or the above-mentioned L.sup.1, wherein, when multiple L.sup.2's are present, two L.sup.2's may be bonded to each other; and m.sup.1 represents an integer of 1 to 4 and m.sup.2 represents an integer of 0 to 3, wherein the sum total of m.sup.1 and m.sup.2 (i.e., m.sup.1+m.sup.2) satisfies 3 or 4.)

A mononuclear iron bivalent complex having iron-silicon bonds, which is represented by formula (1), can exhibit an excellent catalytic activity in at least one reaction selected from three reactions, i.e., a hydrosilylation reaction, a hydrogenation reaction and a reaction for reducing a carbonyl compound. ##STR00001## (In the formula, R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted by X, or the like; X represents a halogen atom, or the like; L.sup.1 represents at least one two-electron ligand selected from an isonitrile ligand, an amine ligand, an imine ligand, a nitrogenated heterocyclic ring, a phosphine ligand, a phosphite ligand and a sulfide ligand, wherein, when multiple L.sup.1's are present, two L.sup.1's may be bonded to each other; L.sup.2 represents a two-electron ligand that is different from a CO ligand or the above-mentioned L.sup.1, wherein, when multiple L.sup.2's are present, two L.sup.2's may be bonded to each other; and m.sup.1 represents an integer of 1 to 4 and m.sup.2 represents an integer of 0 to 3, wherein the sum total of m.sup.1 and m.sup.2 (i.e., m.sup.1+m.sup.2) satisfies 3 or 4.)

The invention provides branched trialkylamine oxides with improved properties. The trialkylamine oxides of the invention produced from branched trialkylamines, in one embodiment, can be made using certain branched C10-12 enals and aldehydes. The invention also provides an trialkylamine oxide having the formula:

##STR00001##

wherein R5, R6 and R7 are independently at least one of C3H7, C2H5, CH3, or H, or mixtures thereof; and wherein R5 and R6 are not H at the same time. In one embodiment, the trialkylamine oxides of the invention can be useful in making various products, for example, as surfactants.

The invention provides branched hydrophobes for the production of surfactants with improved properties over linear hydrophobes. The invention also provides branched C10-12 enals and aldehydes that are oxidized to branched fatty acids or hydrogenated to branched fatty alcohols and further derivatized to surfactants, through ethoxylation or esterification and other or subsequent reactions. The invention further provides surfactants made from the branched trialkylamine intermediates, including amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants.

The invention provides branched hydrophobes for the production of surfactants with improved properties over linear hydrophobes. The invention also provides branched C10-12 enals and aldehydes that are oxidized to branched fatty acids or hydrogenated to branched fatty alcohols and further derivatized to surfactants, through ethoxylation or esterification and other or subsequent reactions. The invention further provides surfactants made from the branched trialkylamine intermediates, including amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants.

The invention provides branched hydrophobes for the production of surfactants with improved properties over linear hydrophobes. The invention also provides branched C.sub.10-12 enals and aldehydes. The invention additionally provides branched C.sub.10-12 enals and aldehydes that are oxidized to branched fatty acids or hydrogenated to branched fatty alcohols and further derivatized to surfactants, through ethoxylation or esterification and other or subsequent reactions. The enals and aldehydes are useful in making branched trialkylamine intermediates useful in making certain surfactants, including amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactants which can be produced from the trialkylamine intermediates include the quaternary ammonium compounds of the invention. The quaternary ammonium compounds of the invention are also useful in making the branched enals and/or aldehydes useful in the invention.