The present invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts and methods of making and using the same. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a hydrogenation catalyst including particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)). The method includes calcining first nickel(II)-containing particles in an atmosphere including oxidizing constituents to generate second nickel(II)-containing particles. The method also includes reducing the second nickel(II)-containing particles in a reducing atmosphere while rotating or turning the second nickel(II)-containing particles at about 275° C. to about 360° C. for a time sufficient to generate the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)), wherein the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)) is free flowing.

The present invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts and methods of making and using the same. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a hydrogenation catalyst including particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)). The method includes calcining first nickel(II)-containing particles in an atmosphere including oxidizing constituents to generate second nickel(II)-containing particles. The method also includes reducing the second nickel(II)-containing particles in a reducing atmosphere while rotating or turning the second nickel(II)-containing particles at about 275° C. to about 360° C. for a time sufficient to generate the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)), wherein the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)) is free flowing.

The present invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts and methods of making and using the same. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a hydrogenation catalyst including particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)). The method includes calcining first nickel(II)-containing particles in an atmosphere including oxidizing constituents to generate second nickel(II)-containing particles. The method also includes reducing the second nickel(II)-containing particles in a reducing atmosphere while rotating or turning the second nickel(II)-containing particles at about 275° C. to about 360° C. for a time sufficient to generate the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)), wherein the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)) is free flowing.

The present invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts and methods of making and using the same. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a hydrogenation catalyst including particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)). The method includes calcining first nickel(II)-containing particles in an atmosphere including oxidizing constituents to generate second nickel(II)-containing particles. The method also includes reducing the second nickel(II)-containing particles in a reducing atmosphere while rotating or turning the second nickel(II)-containing particles at about 275° C. to about 360° C. for a time sufficient to generate the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)), wherein the particulate nickel metal (Ni(0)) is free flowing.

A process for producing an intermediate adiponitrile stream, the process comprising separating an adiponitrile process stream comprising less than 50 wt % adiponitrile, and optionally TCH, to form the intermediate adiponitrile stream comprising at least 5 wt % adiponitrile and a heavies stream comprising high-boiling components and optionally solid impurities; and optionally utilizing at least a portion of the intermediate adiponitrile stream outside of the process.

In the embodiments, an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and an organic solvent instead of hydrogen chloride gas and solid triphosgene instead of phosgene gas may be used in the process of preparing a diisocyanate from a diamine through a diamine hydrochloride. In addition, the embodiments provide processes for preparing a diisocyanate composition and an optical lens, which are excellent in yield and quality with mitigated environmental problems by controlling the total content of metals, cations, or anions in a diamine hydrochloride composition.

In the embodiments, an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and an organic solvent instead of hydrogen chloride gas and solid triphosgene instead of phosgene gas may be used in the process of preparing a diisocyanate from a diamine through a diamine hydrochloride. In addition, the embodiments provide processes for preparing a diisocyanate composition and an optical lens, which are excellent in yield and quality with mitigated environmental problems by controlling the total content of metals, cations, or anions in a diamine hydrochloride composition.

A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n 11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor. Step (4): a step for discharging, as a liquid phase component inside the reactor, the reaction liquid containing the compound of general formula (III) to the outside of the reactor.

R.sup.11NCO).sub.n11  (I)

R.sup.31NH.sub.2).sub.n31  (III)

A method is provided for collecting a compound of formula (III) (in which R31 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n31 is an integer of 1 to 3) from a liquid phase component that is formed as a by-product in a method for producing a compound of general formula (I) (in which R11 is a monovalent to trivalent organic group and n 11 is an integer of 1 to 3), wherein the collection method contains steps (1) to (3) or steps (A) and (B), and step (4). Step (1): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with at least one active hydrogen-containing compound in a reactor. Step (2): a step for returning a condensed liquid obtained by cooling gas phase components in the reactor to the reactor. Step (3): a step for discharging gas phase components that are not condensed in the step (2) to the outside of the reactor. Step (A): a step for mixing the liquid phase component, water, and a compound of general formula (III). Step (B): a step for reacting the liquid phase component with water inside the reactor. Step (4): a step for discharging, as a liquid phase component inside the reactor, the reaction liquid containing the compound of general formula (III) to the outside of the reactor.

R.sup.11NCO).sub.n11  (I)

R.sup.31NH.sub.2).sub.n31  (III)

Disclosed are catalysts comprised of platinum and gold. The catalysts are generally useful for the selective oxidation of compositions comprised of a primary alcohol group and at least one secondary alcohol group wherein at least the primary alcohol group is converted to a carboxyl group. More particularly, the catalysts are supported catalysts including particles comprising gold and particles comprising platinum, wherein the molar ratio of platinum to gold is in the range of about 100:1 to about 1:4, the platinum is essentially present as Pt(0) and the platinum-containing particles are of a size in the range of about 2 to about 50 nm. Also disclosed are methods for the oxidative chemocatalytic conversion of carbohydrates to carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof. Additionally, methods are disclosed for the selective oxidation of glucose to glucaric acid or derivatives thereof using catalysts comprising platinum and gold. Further, methods are disclosed for the production of such catalysts.