A compound of Formula II, or a salt, ester, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof: ##STR00001##
where: X.sup.1 is a branched or unbranched C.sub.1-10 alkyl, (CH.sub.2).sub.s—NH—(CH.sub.2).sub.t, (CH.sub.2).sub.s—O—(CH.sub.2).sub.t, or (CH.sub.2).sub.s—C(NH.sub.2)—(CH.sub.2).sub.v—NH—(CH.sub.2).sub.t, where s, t and v are each, independently an integer from 1 to 5; A and B are each, independently, C.sub.6-10aryl, C.sub.6-10aryl-C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-9 heteroaryl, or C.sub.3-9heteroaryl-C.sub.1-6alkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R.sup.g groups; C and D are each, independently, C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl, C.sub.3-7 cycloalkyl-C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-7 heterocycloalkyl, C.sub.3-7 heterocycloalkyl-C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.6-10aryl, C.sub.6-10aryl-C.sub.1-6alkyl, C.sub.3-9 heteroaryl, or C.sub.3-9heteroaryl-C.sub.1-6alkyl, each optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 independently selected R.sup.g groups; each R.sup.g is, independently, halogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl, hydroxyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, C.sub.1-6 haloalkoxy, amino, C.sub.1-6alkylamino, or di-C.sub.1-6alkylamino; and n.sup.1 and p.sup.1 are each, independently, integers from 1 to 10.

Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range. Derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yield a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range. Derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yield a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Provided herein is a process for preparing triaryl organoborates of the formula 1/n K.sup.n+R.sub.3.sup.4B.sup.−—R.sup.1 (IV), where one equivalent of organoboronic ester of the formula B—R.sup.1(OR.sup.2)(OR.sup.3) (I) is initially charged together with 1/n equivalents of salt K.sup.n+ nX.sup.− (II) and 3 equivalents of metal M in a solvent or a solvent mixture S1, 3 equivalents of a haloaromatic R.sup.4—Y (III) are added, an auxiliary L and optionally a second organic solvent or solvent mixture S2 is added and the compound 1/n K.sup.n+ R.sub.3.sup.4B.sup.−—R.sup.1 (IV) is separated off with the organic phase, and to the use of these substances as co-initiator in photopolymer formulations.

Provided herein is a process for preparing triaryl organoborates of the formula 1/n K.sup.n+R.sub.3.sup.4B.sup.−—R.sup.1 (IV), where one equivalent of organoboronic ester of the formula B—R.sup.1(OR.sup.2)(OR.sup.3) (I) is initially charged together with 1/n equivalents of salt K.sup.n+ nX.sup.− (II) and 3 equivalents of metal M in a solvent or a solvent mixture S1, 3 equivalents of a haloaromatic R.sup.4—Y (III) are added, an auxiliary L and optionally a second organic solvent or solvent mixture S2 is added and the compound 1/n K.sup.n+ R.sub.3.sup.4B.sup.−—R.sup.1 (IV) is separated off with the organic phase, and to the use of these substances as co-initiator in photopolymer formulations.

New cationic lipids are provided that are useful for delivering macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, into eukaryotic cells. The lipids can be used alone, in combination with other lipids and/or in combination with other transfection enhancing reagents to prepare transfection complexes.

New cationic lipids are provided that are useful for delivering macromolecules, such as nucleic acids, into eukaryotic cells. The lipids can be used alone, in combination with other lipids and/or in combination with other transfection enhancing reagents to prepare transfection complexes.

A family of amine mining collectors that uses alkoxylates allows for the easy adjustment of solubility and molecular weight useful because anionic and cationic mineral collectors require such varying degrees of solubility and molecular weight. The family of the present invention allows for the optimization of both parameters and an increase in collector efficiency.

A family of amine mining collectors that uses alkoxylates allows for the easy adjustment of solubility and molecular weight useful because anionic and cationic mineral collectors require such varying degrees of solubility and molecular weight. The family of the present invention allows for the optimization of both parameters and an increase in collector efficiency.

The invention relates to the field of pharmaceutical synthesis, in particular to the preparation method of hexahydrofuro-furanol derivative, intermediates thereof and preparation methods thereof. The preparation methods comprises the steps of halogenation reaction, acylation reaction, enzymatic reduction reaction, reaction with amine compounds, reduction ring closure reaction (A1, A2, B, Cp1, C.sub.L, Cf)

##STR00001##

wherein, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 are hydrogen or hydroxy protecting groups; R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are the same or different and are phenyl, alkyl or substituted phenyl. In the preparation process of hexahydrofuro-furanol derivatives, the chirality is constructed by enzymatic method, and the product can be prepared with very high optical purity by adopting such technical means. The preparation method can be used to prepare the key intermediate, (3R, 3aS, 6aR)-hexahydrofuro[2,3-b]-3-ol, of Darunavir, in commercial production, which is a very economical route suitable for industrial production.