This disclosure relates to novel detergents for use in various procedures including, for example, nucleic acid amplification reactions such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods for preparing the modified detergents are also described.

Compounds and compositions are provided that inhibit histone deacylase activity and which expand renal progenitor cell populations and improve kidney function in a damaged kidney. Methods of use of the compounds and compositions are provided.

Compounds and compositions are provided that inhibit histone deacylase activity and which expand renal progenitor cell populations and improve kidney function in a damaged kidney. Methods of use of the compounds and compositions are provided.

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same.

The present disclosure provides LPA antagonists, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein. Also provided are methods for treating LPA-associated diseases, disorders, and conditions.

The present disclosure provides LPA antagonists, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds disclosed herein. Also provided are methods for treating LPA-associated diseases, disorders, and conditions.

The present invention provides compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001##

wherein: R.sub.1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl; L.sub.a is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl linker, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 carbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each, independently, H, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl; or alternatively, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

The present invention provides compounds of formula (I),

##STR00001##

wherein: R.sub.1 is unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl; L.sub.a is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl linker, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.3-C.sub.10 carbocycle, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are each, independently, H, substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl; or alternatively, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle comprising one or two 5- or 6-member rings and 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.

A nanoparticle composed of buckminsterfullerene bonded to glutamine, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) and adenosine triphosphate is provided. This nanoparticle helps to regulate the energy metabolism, neural excitability, and signal transduction within the synapse and between the astrocytes and the neuronal networks of the human brain when these become dysfunctional. It is intended as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body disease and other neuropathological diseases of the glutamine-glutamate-GABA cycle. Utility for remediating comorbid sexual dysfunction is promoted, as well as the antioxidant and protein oligomer disassembly properties. The adenosine triphosphate adduct provides a reversible inorganic phosphate energy storage and supply, the glutamine adduct provides a stable reservoir of this amino acid that is resistant to breakdown by reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and astrocytes. The GABA and buckminsterfullerene functional groups are anti-oxidants to treat the most oxidatively stressed regions at neural structures.