The present invention provides compositions and methods for relieving pain at a site in a human or animal in need thereof by administering at a discrete site in a human or animal in need thereof a dose of capsaicin in an amount effective to denervate a discrete site without eliciting an effect outside the discrete location, the dose of capsaicin ranging from 1 μg to 3000 μg.

Activity-based probes that can be used to selectively identify and characterize enzymes that are involved in different phases of xenobiotic metabolism in a host and its microbiota population(s) are described. The activity-based probes described specifically label only their target active enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and therefore provide a measurement of true protein functional activity rather than transcript or protein abundance. The activity-based probes also provide multimodal profiling of these active enzymes. Methods for preparing the activity based probes and exemplary methods for their use also are disclosed.

Activity-based probes that can be used to selectively identify and characterize enzymes that are involved in different phases of xenobiotic metabolism in a host and its microbiota population(s) are described. The activity-based probes described specifically label only their target active enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and therefore provide a measurement of true protein functional activity rather than transcript or protein abundance. The activity-based probes also provide multimodal profiling of these active enzymes. Methods for preparing the activity based probes and exemplary methods for their use also are disclosed.

Provided are a novel pseudoceramide compound and a skin external composition comprising the same. The skin external composition comprising a pseudoceramide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof according to the present invention as an active ingredient has an excellent effect of improving a skin barrier function, thereby exhibiting an effect of improving inflammatory skin diseases, and also is excellent in the function of improving the skin barrier and the effect of enhancing skin moisture.

Provided are a novel pseudoceramide compound and a skin external composition comprising the same. The skin external composition comprising a pseudoceramide compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof according to the present invention as an active ingredient has an excellent effect of improving a skin barrier function, thereby exhibiting an effect of improving inflammatory skin diseases, and also is excellent in the function of improving the skin barrier and the effect of enhancing skin moisture.

A topical skin composition containing a sphingolipid having a branched chain fatty acid as an active ingredient and its uses are disclosed. The topical composition is useful in preventing adsorption of fine dust, improving a skin barrier function, and exhibiting an excellent skin moisture effect. A preparation method for the topical composition is also disclosed.

A topical skin composition containing a sphingolipid having a branched chain fatty acid as an active ingredient and its uses are disclosed. The topical composition is useful in preventing adsorption of fine dust, improving a skin barrier function, and exhibiting an excellent skin moisture effect. A preparation method for the topical composition is also disclosed.

A hair composition, a method of hair treatment, a process for producing fatty acid derivatives, and the use of these hair compositions, the hair composition comprising fatty hydroxy esters and fatty hydroxy amides in hair care compositions to improve hair shine and strength.

A hair composition, a method of hair treatment, a process for producing fatty acid derivatives, and the use of these hair compositions, the hair composition comprising fatty hydroxy esters and fatty hydroxy amides in hair care compositions to improve hair shine and strength.

A phenalene-1-one compound, a photosensitizer composition including the phenalene-1-one compound, an article including the phenalene-1-one compound and/or photosensitizer composition and the use thereof.