A salt represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2 independently represent a fluorine atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 perfluoroalkyl group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 perfluoroalkyl group, z represents an integer of 0 to 6, R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 fluorinated alkyl group, R.sup.4 represents a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 fluorinated alkyl group, L.sup.2 represents a single bond, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 divalent saturated hydrocarbon group, etc., R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl group that may have a halogen atom, L.sup.1 represents a group represented by formula (b1-1), etc., * represents a bonding site to —CR.sup.3R.sup.4; L.sup.b2 and L.sup.b3 each independently represent a single bond or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.22 divalent saturated hydrocarbon group; Z.sup.+ represents an organic cation.

We report a new class of single-ion electrolyte including pendant lithium perfluoroethyl sulfonates. Embodiments may be based on, for example, aromatic poly(arylene ether)s, polyphenylenes, or polyarylene sulfides. The microporous polymer film saturated with organic carbonates exhibits a nearly unity t.sub.Li+, state-of-the-art conductivities (e.g. >10.sup.−3 S cm.sup.−1 at room temperature) over a wide range of temperatures, high electrochemical stability, and outstanding mechanical properties, which enables the membrane to function as both ion conducting medium and separator in the batteries.

We report a new class of single-ion electrolyte including pendant lithium perfluoroethyl sulfonates. Embodiments may be based on, for example, aromatic poly(arylene ether)s, polyphenylenes, or polyarylene sulfides. The microporous polymer film saturated with organic carbonates exhibits a nearly unity t.sub.Li+, state-of-the-art conductivities (e.g. >10.sup.−3 S cm.sup.−1 at room temperature) over a wide range of temperatures, high electrochemical stability, and outstanding mechanical properties, which enables the membrane to function as both ion conducting medium and separator in the batteries.

A monomer has the structure

##STR00001##

wherein R is an organic group comprising a polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond; X and Y are independently at each occurrence hydrogen or a non-hydrogen substituent; EWG1 and EWG2 are independently at each occurrence an electron-withdrawing group; p is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and M.sup.+ is an organic cation. A polymer prepared from monomer is useful as a component of a photoresist composition.

Provided is a novel nanoparticle, a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging containing the same, and a zwitterionic ligand compound used in production of the nanoparticle. The contrast agent for MRI of the present invention can be suitably used as a contrast agent for MRI in a medical field. The nanoparticle and the zwitterionic ligand compound of the present invention are applicable to various pharmaceutical compositions and the like, including a contrast agent for MRI, and can be used widely in the fields of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and the like, including various diagnosis methods and examination reagents.

A resist composition comprising a base resin comprising recurring units having an acid labile group, and a metal salt of sulfonic acid exhibits a high sensitivity and high resolution, and forms a pattern of satisfactory profile with minimal LWR or improved CDU when processed by lithography.

A resist composition comprising a base resin comprising recurring units having an acid labile group, and a metal salt of sulfonic acid exhibits a high sensitivity and high resolution, and forms a pattern of satisfactory profile with minimal LWR or improved CDU when processed by lithography.

A sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid containing a carbonyl group, or a salt thereof represented by the following formula:
R.sup.1—C(═O)—(CR.sup.2.sub.2).sub.n—(OR.sup.3).sub.p—(CR.sup.4.sub.2).sub.q-L-A
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, n, p, q, A and L are as defined herein.

An actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition includes a photoacid generator A that generates an acid represented by General Formula (I), the acid having a pKa of 1.00 or more; one or more selected from the group consisting of a photoacid generator B that generates an acid having a pKa larger than that of an acid generated from the photoacid generator A by 1.00 or more, and a nitrogen-containing compound C having a pKa of a conjugate acid thereof larger than that of the acid generated from the photoacid generator A by 1.00 or more; and an acid-decomposable resin, in which in a case where the actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition includes a photoacid generator D that generates an acid having a pKa of less than 1.00, a ratio of the number of moles of the photoacid generator A to the number of moles of the photoacid generator D in the composition, is 1.0 or more.

##STR00001##

Compositions suitable for enhanced oil recovery comprising a) a mixture of -sulfocarbonyl compounds of formulae (1) and (2) in a mixture ratio (1) to (2) of from 1:99 to 99:1

##STR00001## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.3 and R.sub.5, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, are hydrogen or a linear or branched alkyl chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, R.sub.2 and R.sub.4, which may be the same or different at each occurrence, may be a linear or branched alkyl group having 4 to 24 carbon atoms and in which the alkyl chain may comprise one or more cycloaliphatic groups, and X is H or a metal forming a salt with the sulfonate group, and b) a salt containing aqueous solution.