Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

A polycyclic compound according to an embodiment of the inventive concept is represented by the following Formula 1:

##STR00001##

In Formula 1, Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 are each independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms for forming a ring, or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms for forming a ring, where Ar.sub.1 and Ar.sub.2 may combine with each other to form a ring, and A is represented by the following Formula 2-1 or 2-2:

##STR00002##

A condensed cyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same are provided. The condensed cyclic compound may have a structure shown below:

##STR00001## wherein details about the possible constituents are provided in detail in the disclosure.

A novel organic compound having high stability is provided. The organic compound is represented by Formula (1) described in claim 1: In Formula (1), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each independently selected from a hydrogen atom, Substituent group A, and Substituent group B shown in claim 1, wherein at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is selected from Substituent group A or Substituent group B; and R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 of a substituent belonging to Substituent group A are each independently selected from Substituent group B.

The present disclosure provides apparatus and methods for determining the sequence of a nucleic acid. The apparatus comprises electrodes that form a tunnel gap through which the nucleic acid can pass. The electrodes comprise a reagent that is capable of selectively interacting with a nucleobase of the nucleic acid sequence. When the reagent interacts with a nucleobase, a detectable signal is produced and used to identify the nucleobase of the nucleic acid. Advantageously, the apparatus of this disclosure is specific to identifying nucleic acids.

Disclosed is a cross-coupling reaction method which forms a chemical bond selected from C—N, C—B, C—C, C—O and C—S bonds, the method comprising: preparing an aromatic compound (1) having a leaving group; preparing a compound (2) capable of undergoing a cross-coupling reaction selected from an aromatic amino compound (2-1), a diboronic acid ester or the like (2-2), an aromatic boronic acid or the like (2-3), an aromatic compound (2-4) having a hydroxyl group and an aromatic compound (2-5) having a thiol group; and performing a cross-coupling reaction of the compound (1) with the compound (2) in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a base and a compound (4) having a carbon-carbon double bond or a carbon-carbon triple bond, in the absence of a solvent.

Novel tetraphenylene anthracene compounds are disclosed, which can be used as charge transporting materials, emitters, hosts in an organic electroluminescent device. These novel compounds offer better device performance. Also disclosed are an electroluminescent device and a formulation.

An organic compound that emits red light having a long wavelength and that is represented by formula [1] below. In the formula [1], R.sub.1 to R.sub.24 are each independently selected from a hydrogen atom or a substituent. ##STR00001##

A composition includes: a compound including an aromatic hydrocarbon ring structure, and a partial structure represented by formula (1) which bonds to the aromatic hydrocarbon ring structure; and a solvent. The aromatic hydrocarbon ring structure has no fewer than 25 carbon atoms. In the formula (1), X represents a group represented by formula (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv); and *'s denote binding sites to two adjacent carbon atoms constituting the aromatic hydrocarbon ring structure. A method of producing a patterned substrate, includes applying the composition directly or indirectly on a substrate to form a resist underlayer film; forming a resist pattern directly or indirectly on the resist underlayer film; and carrying out etching using the resist pattern as a mask.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure relates to a compound of Chemical Formula 1, a coating composition including the same, and an organic light emitting device including the same.